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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


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D 
D 
D 
D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagte 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pellicuMe 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


D 
D 
D 
D 


D 


Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

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mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
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L'Inatltut  a  microfilm*  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  *ti  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
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sont  indiquis  ci-dessous. 


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Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
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D 


Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurAes  et/ou  peliiculies 


r~~l    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


D 


Pages  dicolories.  tacheties  ou  piquies 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tachies 


Tl 
to 


Tl 

P< 
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fil 


Oi 
bi 
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fir 
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or 


FT]    Showthrough/ 
U^   Transparence 


r~n   Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  inigale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  mat6riel  suppiimentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  disponible 


Th 
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Til 
wl 

Ml 
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be 
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D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc..  ont  M  filmies  A  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires: 


Irregular  pagination  :  viii,  (7]  •  134, 24  p. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu*  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


n/ 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  htre  hat  bean  r«produc«d  thanka 
to  the  ganaroaity  of: 

Librwry, 

GwlogiMl  Survay  of  Canada 


L'axamplaira  filmA  fut  raproduit  grica  A  la 
g6nAroaitA  da: 

BibHotMqua, 

CommiakNi  Gtoloflli|ua  du  Canada 


Tha  Imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  baat  quality 
poasibia  conaidaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  Icaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  apacificatlona. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covara  ara  fllmad 
beginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impraa- 
sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriate.  All 
othar  original  coplaa  ara  fllmad  beginning  on  the 
firat  page  with  a  printad  or  Illuatratad  impraa- 
aion,  and  anding  on  the  laat  page  with  a  printed 
or  illuatratad  impraaaion. 


Tha  laat  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
ahall  contain  tha  aymbol  — ^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  aymbol  Y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  appiiea. 


Lea  imagaa  suivantes  ont  at*  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  natteta  da  i'axempiaira  fiima,  at  an 
conformity  avec  las  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fiimage. 

Lea  exempiaires  originaux  dont  la  couvarture  en 
papier  eat  imprimaa  sont  fiimas  an  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAre  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainte 
d'impraaaion  ou  d'iilustration,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  aelon  le  caa.  Tous  las  autrea  axampiaires 
originaux  sont  filmAs  an  commandant  par  la 
pramiire  page  qui  comporta  una  ampreinta 
d'impraaaion  ou  d'iilustration  at  en  tarminant  par 
la  darniire  paga  qui  comporta  una  talia 
empreinte. 

Un  dea  symbolas  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
darnlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  salon  le 
cas:  le  aymbole  -^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Mapa,  plates,  charta,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratioa.  Thoaa  too  large  to  bo 
entirely  included  In  one  expoaure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framea  aa 
required.  The  following  diagrams  Illustrate  the 
method: 


Lea  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvant  dtre 
fiimte  it  das  taux  de  rMuction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
raproduit  en  un  aaul  ciich6,  ii  est  fiim6  A  partir 
da  i'angie  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  baa,  an  prenant  le  nombre 
d'imagea  nicaaaaira.  Lea  diagrammas  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thoda. 


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Wiiiiniii!i,tfittii;i 


A 


rKACTICAL  TREATISE 


ON 


COAL,    PETKOLEUM, 


AND  OTHER  DISTILLED  OILS. 


Bv    ABRAHAM    GESNER.    M.D.,    F.G.S., 

CONSUIiTIVO    CHEMIST. 
iiTiion   <iK    •' :ni>i;«tkiai,   resoi  KrKS,"    " history   ok   hew    beunswick," 

'•UBOI.OUICAL     KEPOBTS,"     AC,     AC. 


:i3 


•A 

-J 


NEW    YORK: 
BAlLLlJ:ilE    BllOTIIEKS,    440    BROADWAY 


London : 

H.    Bailliere, 

219    Regent    Street. 

Melbourne : 
Y-   Bailliere' 


1801. 


Paris: 
J.  B.  Bailliere  et  Fils, 
Bae  Hautefeuille.  i 


Madrid : 

C.   Bailly-Bailliere, 

Calle  del  Principe. 


t    .        • 


•  •  •  • 
«  •  •  •  • 
■  •      •  • 


Entered  aocordliii.'  to  Act  of  Congress  in  th«  yew  1880,  by 

B.\ ILLIFin:  BROTH F.RP, 

In  tb»  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  tlio  I'ulted  States,  for  the  Southern  DUtrlot 

of  Now  Vork. 


B.  OBAtanCAD, 

Printer,  Stereotypcr,  and  Electrotyper, 

Caiton  Suiltifng, 

81,  83,  and  K  CttUn  3lrMI. 


•       •••••• 


C(3NTENTS. 


ern  Dtstrtot 


?# 

M 


CHAPTER  I. 

Early  rocorda  nnd  progress  of  the  distillation  of  oils  from  coala  and  other 
bituminous  substances. — Introduction  of  kerosene,  patents,  petroletim, 
varieties  of  coals ;  their  origin  and  composition. — Effects  produced  upon 
coala  hy  heat.— Varietj'  of  oils  distilled  from  coala,  bitumen,  etc. — Pro- 
duota  of  common  bituminous  coals,  etc., 7 


CHAPTER    II, 

Materials  employed  for  the  production  of  oils. — Boghead  coal,— Albert  coal. 
-  South  IJogliead  coal.— Brown  coai.— Bitumen  of  Trinidad,  Cuba,  United 

States,  Canada,  etc.— Extent  of  coal  fields. — Petroleum  springs. Origin 

of  petroleum. — Table  of  bituminous  substances,  etc.,         ...      20 

CHAPTER    III. 

JNaturo  of  tho  Products  distilled  from  Bituminous  Sub.stances. — Modes  of 
obtaining  Oils. — Retorts.— B-shaped  Retorts. — Revolving  Retorts. Ver- 
tical Retorts.— Clay  Retorts —Brick  Ovens.— Coke  Ovens.— Stills. Con- 

tlcnsers. — Agitators,  etc.,  j 30 

CHAPTER   IV. 

Prodnets  of  tho  distillation  of  wood,  coal.H,  asphaltum,  bitumen,  petroleum, 
nnd  other  substances  capable  of  yielding  oUs 57 


^*f^  ^> 


VI 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER   V. 

('omposition  of  distillotl  oils.  —  lloinoldfjous  coinixiuiidn. — Tablo  of  the 
snme.— (Vmiponnds  of  Carbon  niid  Hyilro^'oii. — (Jnseoua  eonipounds. — 
Hoiiuilo|;iiO!<  olitniiird  from  cohI  tiir,  wal,  bitHuu'ii,  cnoulclumc,  etc.,        78 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Purifioiitioii  of  Oiln. — Oxidutioii  of  iIil>  iiiiiiuritics  in  crud<»,  hydro-carbon 
oils. — Artioii  of  ni'id.x,  alkalies,  and  other  agents.  Suli)liuric  acid,  nitric 
acid,  permanganate  of  pota.sii. —  Kxtracts  from  Patents,  etc.,     .        .       89 


"I 


- 


ClIAl'TKU   VI [. 

liuildiiijrs  anil  Maeliinery. — Method  of  nianufaeturinfr  and  purifying  the  oils 
di.siilk'd  tVoni  eoal.<i  and  other  bituiiiitioua  iiiiitt'rials,  and  the  products 
derived  therefrom. — Pistilling  by  steam. — Continunl  distillation.— Lamp 
oil.-*,  lubvieatinsj  oils,  Paradine,  etc. — Petroleum  oils. — Refuse  of  oil  manu- 
faetories, 108 


Tyf*  Jg' 


of    tllO 

mds. — 

78 


carbon 
I,  nitric 
.      89 


PREFACE 


u  • 


:he  oils 
roducta 
-Lamp 
manu- 
.     108 


The  work  before  the  reader  has  been  prepared  with  a  desire 
to  aid  the  manufacturer  of  Oils  in  his  avocation.  It  is  more 
practical  than  theoretical. 

A  great  deal  of  valuable  information  relating  to  the  pro- 
duction of  the  hydro-carbon  oils  from  bituminous  minerals,  is 
scattered  throughout  the  French,  German,  and  English  scien- 
tific Journals,  and  numerous  patents  granted  in  those  countries, 
to  which  the  i»ublic,  have  not  convenient  access.  The  infor- 
mation collected  from  those  sources,  that  seemed  applicable 
to  the  present  treatise,  has  been  carefully  recorded  therein. 

The  author  has  had  much  experience  in  the  manufactu"' 
of  the  oils  referred  to,  and  during  a  period  of  several  vears, 
while  he  was  engaged  as  a  consulting  chemist  in  the  actual 
working  of  manufactories,  he  endeavored  to  discover  and 
inscribe  every  useful  fact  having  a  bearing  upon  the  subject. 
Those  facts  are  communicated  in  the  body  of  this  work. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  professional  chcuiist  will  find  upon  the 
pages  of  this  volume,  something  to  interest  him,  and  espe- 
cially as  regards  the  homologous  compounds  of  carbon  and 
hydrogen. 


Vl» 


PREFACE. 


Tlio  rorcnt  discoveries  of  vast  reservoirs  of  petroleum  in 
the  WoBtern  nnd  Soiithom  States  of  tlic  Union,  have  received 
a  due  share  of  attention ;  and  the  most  accurate  information 
rcpfarding  tlieir  HJipplios  of  oil,  that  could  be  obtained,  lias 
been  recorded. 

To  assist  the  engineer  nnd  machinist,  such  drawings  have 
been  introduced  as  were  called  for  in  a  work  intended  for 
general  application  in  a  most  valuable  and  important  branch 
of  modern  industry. 

Nkw  Tobk,  Nov.,  1860. 


W: 


um  in 
ccived 
nation 
d,  has 


J  have 
ed  for 
jranch 


COAL,  rrnioLEUM,  and  otiieii  oils. 


CHAPTER  T. 

Kiiii^-  records  and  i)rof;ro.ss  of  the  disliUiitioii  of  oiU  from  coals  mid  other 
Ijiluiiiiiioiis  HMbstiiuees — Iiitrodiiotion  of  UeroHoiio,  pnteiits,  iietroleiiin. 
varietleM  of  t'oids :  tln'ir  orinin  micl  eoinposiiioii. — I'lll'eels  iiroduce(l  upon 
coals  hy  lieat. — Variely  of  oils  distilled  from  enals,  latiimeii,  etc. — I'ru- 
ducls  of  common  bilumiiums  coals,  etc. 


Ix  a  trr-atisG  devoted  to  the  mannlhcture  and  pnrificiation 
of  oils,  it  might  he  deemed  proper  to  consider  tlie  ol(\ni!i- 
nous  Hubstanccs  derived  (Vom  the  aniiiiiil  and  vegetable 
kingdoms;  Itut  tlie  present  treatise  is  intended  to  give  a 
doscriptivo  aeeonnt  of  the  mineral  oils  onlv,  and  tlie 
modes  l>v  wliicli  they  are  maiuifaetured  ;nid  purified. 

The  rapid  advanees  ma;lc  during  the  last  ten  A^ears  in 
developing  minend  oils,  and  their  growing  importance  to 
the  world  for  illuminating,  and  various  other  purj)oses, 
give  litem  a  value  not  rivalled  by  tlic  whale  fisheries  of 
tlie  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Octvins. 

The  ancient  inhabitants  of  different  ]iarts  of  the  world, 
civili/cd  and  barbarous,  were  acqujiinted  with  those  natural 
oils  which   flow  from  the  earth,  namely,   mineral  oil,  or 

2 


8 


KAIU.Y    UKCOUDS*. 


li 


lU 


impliilia,  Ititiiinon,  vU\  Tho  Persians,  niirmrso,  ntid  other 
nutu)iis  Htill  eontiimo  to  employ  those  substmiee.s  in  their 
crude  state  to  j^ive  H^ht,  and  Ibr  intthcinal  purposos.  A.s 
early  as  U\\)i  Eeele,  Ilaneock,  and  l*oitloek-  nnuki  ^^ iu'lrh, 
tar,  (Dill  iti/li'  out  of'  a  hind  nf  ,s/n//r,"  and  ohtaiin'tl  patents 
therefor.  In  17(51  oils  were  distilled  rrt)ni  hlaek  hitunii* 
lions  shale,  and  were  eniployetl  in  the  cure  of  eertain  dia- 
eases,  as  stated  in  Lewis's  Materia  Mediiw  lor  that  year. 

More  than  a  eentnrv  ano  nils  were  obtained  by  the  dis- 
tillation of  coals,  but  the  [)urilieation  of  those  oils,  and  their 
apiilication  to  the  emunu)!!  retiuiretnents  of  life,  have  been 
slow  in  tlieir  projjrri'ss,  and  are  not  even  now  brouj^ht  to 
perfection.  The  papers  of  the  H(\yal  Society  of  London, 
the  Phikisopiiieal  Tran.«^actioiis,  and  other  Kuropean  publi- 
eations,  jiive  aceounts  of  the  distillation  of  oils  I'roin  coals 
and  other  bitnniinniis  subhtanc.es.  In  1781  the  Karl  of 
Dundonahl  obtained  oils  from  C(jals  by  submittini,'  them  to 
dry  distillation  in  coke  ovens,  like  those  employed  by  some 
manufacturers  of  the  present  day  Ibr  the  same  i)nrj)ose. 
Laurent,  lleiehenbach,  ami  others  distilled  the  tars  obtained 
from  bituminous  schists.  These  tars  were  purified  in  some 
degree  by  Selligue,  and  tiie  oils  subseciuently  obtained  an 
extensive  sale  in  Kurope  for  burning  in  laini>s,  and  for 
lubrieatii'g  maehinery.  Many  other  chemists  have  from 
lime  to  time  contributed  improvements  in  the  purification 
of  hydrocarbon  oils. 

The  discovery  of  coal  gas  brought  a  new  class  of  oils 
to  the  notice  of  the  chemist,  but  the  purifieution  of  those 
oils,  and  their  application  to  useful  purposes,  have  been  but 
slowly  advanced. 

The  first  successful  attempt  to  manufacture  oils  from 
coals  in  America  was  made  by  the  author  of  this  work. 
Oil  from  coal  was  made  and  consumed  in  lamps  by  him  in 


•i?)' 

M 


I'ATKNTfl. 


m 


'I 

.4i 


his  public  locturca  nt  Prince  Kilward's  Islanil,  in  Anj^Mist, 
1810,  anil  sul»H('4uontly  iit  Ilalifux,  Nova  SoDtia,  acooimtH 
of  wliic'h  aro  still  I'xtiuit.  The  patont«  aO'Twanls  olitainoil 
for  iuH  improveiucnts  wore  sold  to  the  North  American 
Konwriif  (la.s  Li^lit  (-onipany,  and  tlu'  oils  arc  now  iiianu- 
I'actiired  and  8(4(1  under  tlii;  denomination  of  "Kerosene 
Oil."*  Several  patents,  obtained  by  other  persons  at  later 
dates,  are  but  niodilieationa  of  the  modes  of  inanufaeture 
previously  laid  down,  and  contain  but  little  that  is  new  in 
prineiple. 

Patents  were  granted  in  En^dand,  in  1847,  to  Charles 
^fanslield,  for  "an  improvement  in  the  manufaeture  and 
purification  of  siiirituous  substances  and  i>ils  fi.pj)neablo  to 
the  i)urp(>ses  of  artitieial  liglit,"  etc.  .Nfr.  Alansfu-ld's  ope- 
rations appear  to  have  lu'en  ehietly  directed  to  the  coal  tar 
of  gas  works,  from  whieli  he  obtained  benzole.  ]Ie  was 
|)erhaps  tlie  first  to  introduce  the  ben/.olc  or  atinos[>heric 
liglit,  wliich  is  described  at  length  in  his  specifications. 

James  Young,  of  ^[anchester,  secured  a  patent  in  Phigland 
(Oct.  7,  1850),  and  subsequently  in  the  United  States 
(.Nfurch  28,  185*2;,  for  "  the  obtaining  of  j)aratrine  oil,  or  an 
oil  containing  ])ara(rinc,  and  paralUne  ticni  bituminous 
coals."  These  patents  have  been  the  subject  of  much  dis- 
cussion, and  law  proceedings  have  been  instituted  by  Mr. 
young  against  several  oil  comj)anies  for  infringements  of 
his  alleged  rights.  Tha  numuliicturo  has  nevi'rtheless 
advanced  rai)idly,  and  has  been  extended  to  the  chief  cities 
of  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  and  over  the  coal  regions  of  the 
West.  The  claims  of  those  patents  extend  to  the  distilla- 
tion of  coal  in  close  vessels,  and  to  the  degree  of  heat 
emplov(Hl  for  that  p\irpose.  The  oils  j)roduced  by  Mr. 
Young's  method  are  inferior  in  color,  odor,  and   illumi- 

*  From  «^)n(>^,  wax,  and  £,\iiioi,  oil. 


if  .i 


■•1'. 


M 


i 


NUMUER   OF   PATENTS. 


11 


^ 


r^ 


natinp'  properties  to  those  now  manufactured  by  other  che- 
mists, aiitl  as  his  Ciainis  arc  under  tlie  consideration  of  the 
legal  authorities,  with  them  the  decision  should  be  left, 
witliout  the  interference  of  public  writers. 

'J'hc  progress  of  discovery  in  this  case,,  as  in  others,  has 
Ix'Cu  slow  and  gradual.  It  has  been  carried  on  by  the 
labors,  not  of  one  mind,  but  of  many,  so  as  to  render  it 
dillioult  to  discover  to  whom  the  greatest  credit  is  due.  It 
is,  nntwithstanding,  just  to  admit,  that  from  the  facts  dis- 
eloseil  in  the  beforementioned  patents,  a  spirit  of  inrpiiry 
was  aronsecl,  and  experiments  were  multiplied.  Almost 
all  the  patents  that  have  recently  been  granted  embrace  the 
leadiuu'  features  of  former  discoveries,  and  some  of  them 
are  characterized  by  a  total  lack  of  invention,  and  a  desire 
to  evade  the  claims  of  others. 

Tlic  total  number  of  j)atents  granted,  with  inventions 
and  improvements  claimed  for  the  manufacture  and  puri- 
lieation  of  oils  from  coals  and  other  bituminous  substances, 
siiH'o  1781,  arc  more  than  one  hundred  in  number,  and 
ui>\,\ir<Is  ol'  forty  patents  have  been  granted  for  retorts, 
stills,  and  other  apparatus  connected  with  this  branch  of 
industry.* 

Since  the  introduction  of  kerosene  into  the  market,  coal 
lantls  (if  every  description  within  the  limits  of  the  United 
iStatrs  have  been  explored,  and  bituminous  clays,  sands, 
and  peat,  have  become  objects  of  great  interest.  The  pro- 
ducts of  those  materials  have  been  overrated,  and  tlie  cost 
->!'  n\aiiutaeture  uniierratcd,  by  stockholders  of  coal  oil  com- 
pa!iies.  ' 

l>uring  the  past  year  numerous  springs  of  petroleum 
have  1n>en  opened  in  some  of  the  Westei'n  States,  and  oils 


■•'■  Si'r   l!i'|i')r(s  of  Piitent   InvoiitutiiH,  Kurnpeau  auJ  Aiiioricaii,  also  Tiie 
-lid; )■/■.•(',-(  Juurdil  of  Sjhdce  au'l  -Ir/s,  vol.  x.xx.     IsGO. 


Itl 


12 


VARIETIES  OF  COAL. 


;i 


arc  produoeil  from  them  ^vlnch  are  not  inferior  to  those 
obtainod  from  the  most  approved  varieties  of  coal.  A 
description  of  those  oils,  and  the  best  practical  methods  for 
their  purification,  Avill  be  given  in  another  part  of  this 
work,  and  if  the  above  springs  maintain  their  present  sup- 
ply, they  will  materially  afl\}ct  the  distillation  of  oils  from 
coals,  bitumens,  and  other  kindred  materials. 

Coal  is  evitlently  of  vegetable  origin,  and  consists  chiefly 
of  ]>lanis  which  have  been  subjected  to  great  pressure,  heat, 
and  chemical  agencies  through  vast  periods  of  time.  Its 
value  to  conunerce,  manufactures,  machinery  for  warlike 
purposes,  and  for  oils,  is  beyond  computation. 

The  varieties  of  coal  have  heretolbre  been  classed  under 
the  heails  of 

Anthracite,  or  Hard  Coal, 
Caking  Coal, 
Cherry  Coal, 
Sjilint  Coal,  and 
Canuel  Coal. 

Those  live  varieties  have  the  following  composition  : — 


■M 


3 


RlCIIARnSON. 

Thompson. 

\           Aiithwolto. 

1 

(  aklii).'  ('oiil. 

Cliorrv  Coal.' 

Splint  Coal. 

runnel  Coal. 

.  Carbon 

;)25G 

87-0r)2 

83-025 

82-924 

70-25 

1 
Ilydroju'ii 

333 

0'239 

5-250 

5-491  i 

5-50 

Nitro^roii 

4k 

il 

1 

11 

1-01 

Oxyjrni 

2-:)3 

3-80(5 

8-r)0G 

8-847 

13-83 

Ashos 

1-.J8 

1393 

1-549 

1-128 

2-81 

VMPOSITION   OF  COALS. 


18 


Other  varieties  of  combustibles  have  been  arranged  by 
Bertliier  in  tlie  following  manner  : — 


Composition  i  IVat  or  ]    Lignite,  or    |    BltnminouB   :    Anthriiclte.      I'lumbnKO,  or 
in  lUO  parts.        TiU'f.    :  Brown  I'oui.    ;  (.'oal.  IVnns.vlvuula.        (iriiphito. 


Carbon 
Hydrogen  j 
Oxygen 

Ashes 

Volatile  ) 
Matter  f 

Iron 


TiU'f.    , 

i 

Urown  I  oul.    ; 

(oal. 

t'ennsyivaiila. 

38 

54 

73 

04 

II 

05 

05 

2-55 

<i 

26 

20 

2'5G 

17-4 

14 

02 

11 

28 

II 

II 

II 

II 

11 

* 

ii 

u 

95 


The  names  given  to  combustible  substances  have  been 
ap])lied  with  reference  only  to  their  common  characters  and 
uses.  Frequently  coals  bear  the  names  of  the  places  where 
they  are  inin^d.  Few  of  their  appellations  have  any 
reference  whatever  to  their  chemical  composition,  and 
therefore  in  seeking  for  oil  coals  (if  the  term  may  be  used) 
the  manufacturer  must  be  directed  by  an  actual  test  of  the 
material  itself 

In  the  same  coal  field,  the  same  series  of  .strata,  and  in 
the  same  stratum,  there  are  important  differences  of  compo- 
sition. It  is  as  ])rovidential  as  wondertul  that  the  carbo- 
naceous material  of  the  same  deposit  is  adapted  to  dift'erent 
uses. 

The  varieties  of  coal  may  have  been  produced  from  the 
different  kinds  of  plants  from  which  the  coal  has  been 
derived,  and  the  peculiar  conditions  of  the  districts  where 
those  plants  flourished  before  their  downfall  and  inhuma- 


.A^Pfef'   . 


14 


I'OMI'OSITION    OF   L\)AI-S, 


tion,  ()V  sulnnorsioii.  The  changes  that  have  taken  place 
ill  the  original  plants  during  tluur  passage  iiom  woody 
libr.'  into  coal,  are  ascriiu'd  to  tin?  evolution  of  a  i>art  of 
tlu'ir  carlion,  hydrogen,  andoxygvn,  as  there  \a  less  of  those 
(."Ifnienls  in  the  <'oal  than  in  wood.  This  will  bo  observed 
by  viewing  llie  following  table: — ■ 


iiii 


W'oixl  (n'Ci'iit) 


„   ,           Carbi'ii. 
Anilivacitcs  nt  tl>i' 

Hydrogen. 

Ox.vffi'n 

itiiil 
Nltroiji'ii 

Tninsition  It'ocks     .     '.)& 

•J -40 

3-()t) 

])itiiiiiiinuis  (."(i;il  ol'llie 

SirijiKl'iri/  /ii>rks     .     8()' 

4-80 

711 

]iij;'niti's ofilie  Ttrtidri/ 

Jiiiiks     .         .         .     (iO;{li 

r.oo 

2ryC)'2 

.     4UliU 

;Vyo 

4'J-5(i 

It  will  also  be  observed  thai  tlie  older  the  formation 
the  !.!:reater  the  amount  of  carbon  contained  in  its  coal,  the 
amount  of  hydrogen  being  diminished.  This  fact  may  be 
ascribed  chieiiy,  or  in  part,  to  the  greater  degree  of  heat 
and  pressure  to  which  the  lower  and  older  coal  strata  have 
been,  and  still  are  subjected. 

The  gases  of  deep  coal  mines  are  very  similar  to  those 
of  gas  manufactories,  and  such  as  are  produced  by  a  liigli 
teni})er:itun\  The  decjier  the  mine  the  greater  is  the  d\s- 
charufe  of  carburetted  hvdrogen.  It  is  to  the  internal  heat 
of  the  earth,  and  other  chemii'al  agencies  condjined  with 
causes  of  less  force,  that  we  must  (.:hielly  ascribe  tlie  trans- 
mutation of  wood  into  coal.  The  similarity  of  the  distilled 
products  of  wood  ami  coals,  and  of  charcoal  and  coke,  should 
not  be  overlooked  in  seeking  for  proots  of  the  vegetable 
origin  of  coal.  In  mines  of  lignite  and  cannel  coal  car- 
bonic acid  or  c/tol-e  datup  is  almost  the  only  gas  present. 
In  lower  coal  mines,  or  those  that  liavc  been  longer  under 


m 


KFFKCTS   OF   HEAT. 


15 


e<l 


tlio  iiifliu'iicc  of  heating  luul  other  cliomical  agent?,  carbu- 
rctti'd  hydrogen  or  fire  danrp  predominates. 

Liebig  has  shown  llie  great  loss  of  oxvgen,  and  increase 
of  liydrogen  and  carbon  in  lignite  and  l)ro\vn  eoal  dnring 
their  transition  from  a  vegetabhj  to  a  fossil  state  ;  still  there 
is  ninch  that  remains  unexplained  regarding  other  kinds  of 
coal. 

Wit'.i  a  view  to  a  ]>roper  arrangenient  of  the  subject, 
various  materials  capable  of  yielding  oils  by  distillation 
will  !>(!  consid(;rcd  in  regular  order.  Tiie  chief  of  those 
niattiials,  so  far  as  present  discoveries  extend,  arc  coal.=, 
bituminous  shales,  asphaltum,  bitumen,  bituminous  sands 
and  clavs,  ])etroleum,  lignite,  ])eat,  caoutchouc,  guttti 
pcrchu,  and  the'  tars  produced  iu  the  manufacture  of 
.steariue. 

When  (U'ganic  bodies  are  exposed  to  heat,  with  the  free 
iicliuissiou  of  air,  they  undergo  combustion.  The  greater 
part  of  the  carbon  is  expelled  in  smoke,  or  in  carbonic  acid, 
the  liydrogen  in  water,  or  carburetted  hydrogen,  and  the 
nitrog(.'n,  if  any  be  present,  escajies  iu  some  eompouiul  of 
anuu'tnia;  but  if  those  substances  have  heat  applied  to 
them  in  close  vessels,  there  are  new  results,  and  a  greater 
interchange  of  elements  takes  place. 

Iu  17o0  Hales  distilled  substances  to  disc(./ver  if  they 
contained  air.  \\\  1773  the  same  gentleman  and  T)r.  Wtit- 
son  obtained  gas  from  coals,  and  iu  17S()  Lord  Dundonald 
!iurii<'d  the  gas  that  arose  from  his  coke  ovens  at  the  ends 
of  iron  }>i}>es  for  the  amusement  of  his  friends.  In  1702 
Ml'.  Miii'doch  connnenced  lighting  buildings  with  t'oal  gas, 
and  since  that  period  gas  lighting  has  been  extended  to 
every  (piarter  of  the  globe.  Besides  the  gas  employed  for 
illuminalion,  it  M'as  thus  early  observed,  that  other  gases 
and  oils  were  produced  bv  the  distillation  of  coals.     The 


16 


EFFKCTS  OF   IIKAT. 


discovery  of  coal  oils  is  tlicrcforc  asokl,  if  not  oMor,  lliaii 
the  discovery  of  coal  gas,  and  cannot  now  be  justly  cluinied 
by  any  living  man. 

"Wiicn  siibstanccH  composed  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and 
oxygen  are  submitted  to  dry  distillation,  the  first  eilect  is 
to  remove  oxygen  from  the  body  in  the  form  of  cav\)onie 
acid,  or  water.  After  the  oxygen  has  been  removed  car- 
bon and  liydrogen  esca})e,  as  carburetted  hydrogen,  ov 
oleliant  gas.  If  some  of  the  acids  arc  distilled  they  lose 
oxygen  in  the  ibrm  of  carbonic  aeid  and  water,  and  are 
converted  into  new  acids.  Organic  acids  distilled  with 
strong  bases  part  with  the  elernentii  of  carbonic  aeid,  which 
uniting  with  the  base  and  the  acid,  minus  the  carbonic  acid, 
comes  over  in  the  form  of  a  new  j^roduct. 

If  a  quantity  of  coals  V)e  ])laeed  in  a  suitable  ret<irt.  with 
a  condensing  apparatus  attached,  and  heat  be  gently  and 
gradually  aj)])lied  thereto,  the  first  result  will  be  the  escape 
of  water  in  the  form  of  vapor,  or  steam,  and  frecjuently 
mixed  with  an  extremely  light,  volatile,  and  inflammable 
hydro-carbon,   which  is  but  partially  condensable  into  ft 
spirit,  or  oil.     The  hygroscopic  water  contained  in  the  coal 
appears  in  the  form  of  va})or,  sometimes  mixed  with  car- 
bonic acid,  and  if  the  coal  contained  nitrogen  ammonia  is 
among  the  products.      Then  as  the  heat  is  increased    a 
series  of  oils  of  dilU'rent  specific  gravities  are  contlensed, 
the  lightest  or  first  distilled  having  the  character  of  a  spirit 
rather  than  an  oil ;  finally,  when  the  heat  has  been  rai.sed 
to  TSO"^  or  800''  Fah.,  gas,  free  carbon,  and  a  nundier  of 
pyrogenous  substances  ajipear,  known  as  </««/  o//,  which 
mixes  mechanically  with  the  aqueous  prodncts,  and  setth'S 
to  the  bottom  of  the  receiving  vessel.     Throughout  the  dis- 
tillation more  or  less  water,  formed  bv  the  oxvwn  and 
hydrogen  present,  continues  to  How.     Usually  in  j)ro])er 


^  ^ffi 


§ 


EFFECTS  OF   IIKAT. 


17 


rot(^vts  tlio  oils  will  nil  distil  over  at  a  temperature  of  750° 
Fall.  A  liifrlier  degree  of  heat  produces  pcrmatient  gases 
from  any  volatile  matter  tliat  may  remain  in  the  charge ; 
but  besides  tiio  elements  l.icfore-mcntioncd,  coal  frequently 
contains  sulphur  and  other  minerals,  which,  by  entering 
into  new  combinations  during  the  distillation,  yield  other 
compounds,  the  modus  operandi  of  whose  formation  is  not 
well  nndei-stood.  In  all  these  changes  electricity  plays  an 
important  })art,  and  this  remark  will  apply  to  all  the  pro- 
duets  obtained  by  the  distillation  of  bituminous  and  olea- 
ginous materials.  In  the  retort  there  remains  a  quantity 
of  lixcd  carbon,  or  c<>k(>,  united  to  the  ash,  which  usually 
eonsists  of  silica,  alumina,  lime,  and  the  oxides  of  man- 
ganese and  iron. 

IMic  results  here  described  are  greatly  modified  by  the 
kind  of  coals  used,  the  degree  of  heat  applied,  and  the 
mode  by  whicli  the  oleaginous  vapors  arc  condensed.  The 
shajie  of  the  retort,  the  weight,  or  thickness  of  the  charge, 
and  the  position  and  size  of  the  discharge-] jijtc,  also  have 
an  inlluence  over  the  yield  of  oil,  and  the  time  required 
for  its  jiroduetion. 

In  general,  coals  which  yield  the  greatest  amount  of  vola- 
tile matters,  exclusive  of  hygroscoj)ic  moisture,  afford  the 
most  oils,  and  estimates  are  often  formed  of  their  value  l)y 
a  simple  test  of  the  weight  of  matter  expelled  by  the  aj)pli- 
cation  of  a  moderate  degree  of  heat.  This  test,  however, 
is  ollen  delusive,  as  j?ome  coals  expel  much  more  free  car- 
lion  during  their  distillation  than  others,  and  the  sulphur 
contained  in  coal  adds  nothing  to  the  'oil,  while  it  consti- 
tutes a  jiart  of  its  volatile  products.  Nor  does  such  a  test 
allbrd  much  information  regarding  the  quality  of  the  oils 
a  given  quantity  of  coal  will  supply.  A  long  smoky  flame 
is  indicative  of  much  free  carbon,  a  shorter  and  more  lumi- 


18 


DEORKKS   OF   HEAT. 


hi 


i  iii 
liii 


'■ 


•i 


H 


i      >^ 


nous  niuiu-  (.loiiotcs  that  thoiv  ^vill  be  inucli  iixcil  carbon  in 
the  i:okf.  Somo  varietios  of  coals  are  peculiarly  adapted 
to  the  manutaeturo  of  ^as,  ns  their  ehief  products  by  heat 
are  carburetted  and  biearburetted  hydrogen  ;  such  coals 
do  not  always  contribute  the  most  oils. 

It  is  of  the  utmost  consequence  to  the  manufacturer 
of  coal  oils  to  know  the  quality  as  well  as  the  quan- 
tity of  the  oils  any  one  material  will  alVord.  For  this 
the  only  reliable  test  is  to  submit  the  material  to  dry 
distillation,  and  the  whole  ])roeess  by  which  coal  oils  are 
pari  lied. 

It  will  be  seen  hereafter  that  coals,  coal  .shale?,  asphal- 
tums,  petroleums,  and  other  bituminous  substances,  yield 
not  one,  tw(^,  or  three  oils;  but  .«ieries  of  homologous 
compounds.  Some  members  of  these  series  are  of  high 
specilic  gravity,  some  of  low,  or,  as  the  oils  are  called, 
heavy  and  light ;  the  light  being  eupion,  or  benzole,  the 
heavy  the  oil  pressed  Irom  parafline,  and,  linally,  the  solid, 
as  paraifiue,  naphthaline,  etc. 

These  several  .series  of  hydrocarbons  are  greatly  influ- 
enced by  the  heat  em{)loyed  in  their  distillations,  the  con- 
densers, and,  tlinilly,  their  mode  of  treatment.  Again,  there 
are  not  two  kinils  of  coal  that  will  give  the  same  products, 
even  by  the  same  modes  of  manufacture.  Some  yield  much 
light,  others  much  heavy  oil ;  some  send  over  much  paraf- 
fine,  aiul  what  are  called  by  manufacturers  impurities, 
namely,  na])hthaliiie,  carbolic  acid,  ec^pnomor,  etc.,  ever 
attending  the  distillates.  It  is  I'rom  ignorance  of  these 
lacts,  and  of  the  chemistry  of  the  above  jn'oductions,  that  so 
much  smoky  and  olVensivo  oil  is  seen  in  the  market. 

Few  common  bituminous  coais  can  be  successfully 
employed  in  the  oil  nuinuiiictory ;  their  distillates  abound 
in  creosote,  or  carbolic  acid,  and  their  purification  is  cxpen- 


M 


m 


M 


ASIMIALTITMS,    fOALS,    ETC. 


19 


fiWo.  Asiilialtuins,  bituinons,  bituminous  shales  and  clays, 
and  canuol  coals,  are  tlio  most  productive  of  oils.  A  tabic 
sotting  forth  the  resf)cctive  merits  of  a  number  of  those  sub- 
stances will  be  appended  to  the  next  chapter.  A  few  of 
them  deserve  particular  notice. 


iW: 


t^ 


20 


llOdilEAD   COAL. 


CHAPTER  II. 

Matorinls  cmployci'l  for  ilic  iinnhictiipn  nf  (nlfi. — BnjjIiomI  coal.— Albert  coni, 
— South  Bojrlicnd  wml. — liriiwn  conl. — Hiliiint'ii  of  Trinidad,  Cuba,  T^nitccJ 
Studs,  Canada,  ttr. — Kxtciit  dt'  ronl  IIcIiI.m. — rdrolcuiu  hpriii^j. — Origiii 
of  pc'troluiiiii. — Talilf  of  ViimiuiinjU!!  siibslniict,'?,  ftv. 

nOGIIEAl)   COAL,   OR   BlTUMINOrS  CLAY. 

This  j»eculiar  iiiineral  oecnrs  at  Tf»rl)aii('  Hill,  in  tlie  car- 
boniferous liincistonc  of  the  Frith  (^f  Forth,  Scotlaiul.  It  is 
the  malcrial  from  which  Mr.  Young  obtains  paraffino  oil 
and  paraffino,  and  Lis  manufactory  is  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  mines.  It  has  been  extcnsirely  shipped  to 
the  United  States,  and  einploved  in  the  mannfactarc  of 
kerosene  at  New  York  and  Boston.  I)u/in«(  t^le  year  1859 
the  Nortli  American  Kerosene  (las  I.iglit  Company  im- 
ported upwards  ol'20,0(>0  tons  of  this  material  (or  the  sup- 
ply of  their  works  at  Newtown  Creek,  Long  Island,  and  at 
an  average  cost  of  eighteen  dollars  per  ton.  In  (ronsequencc 
of  the  discovery  of  numerous  strata  of  cnnnel  eonis  in  the 
Western  States  of  this  coiintry,  and  of  cheaper  substances 
for  the  production  of  oils,  the  importation  of  the  Torbanc 
Hill  mineral  will  doubtless  be  diseontiuued. 

Although  this  mineral  jxwsesses  few  of  the  characteris- 
tics of  a  true  coal,  the  term  coal  has  been  applied  to  it  for 
commercial  convenience.  It  has  been  the  soarce  of  lon«i- 
continued  and  expensive  lawstiits.  The  point  in  dispute 
alleeted  the  ownership,  whether  it  was  coal,  or  not  coal, 
Numliers  of  the  most  scientilie  men  in  Eurojx;  were 
arraigned  before  courts  and  juries  to  decide  whether  the 
so-called  Boghead  coal  is  coal,  or  bituminous  clay.    There 


ALIJEUT   C0A1« 


21 


was  :i  (loeidftl  j>rcpon'lera]ico  njiainst  the  lonn  "(VKf^,"'  and 
in  fnyor  of  "  biiiiiniiious  clay/'  Kinally  the  contending 
i):irtieH  comproinisod,  an\l  tlio  term  eoal  was  periiiitttMl  to 
be  applied,  although  the  hitum*'U  of  the  (ireat  Pitch  Lake 
of  ^rrinidad  has  an  equal  riglit  to  that  appi'llation.* 

Boghead  eoal  is  among  the  most  valualtle  nniieralH  ibr 
the  manui'aetiiro  of  oils.  It  has  an  unev«,'n  I'racture,  is  ol'au 
earthy  coloi-,  and  burns  \vith  a  long  smoky  llame.  It 
yields  13,<.)00  cubic  fec^t  of  gas,  of  speciHc  gravity  OwTo,  per 
ton.  As  it  (contains  only  traces  of  nitrogen,  the  quantity 
of  ammonia  given  olV  is  small.  The  Ibllowing  is  the 
medium  result  of  four  trials  in  testing  its  qualities:  — 

Voliitilo  mattur  ....  70-10 
Carbon  in  foko  ....  lO'lJO 
Asli l'J(iU 


KXI-OO 


The  ton  of  coal  run  in  common  retorts  gives  120  gallons 
of  crude  oil,  of  which  Gu  gallons  may  be  made  into  lamp 
oil,  7  g-idlona  of  parafTine  oil,  and  12  lbs.  of  pure  paralline. 
The  coke  is  worthless,  and  the  ash  consists  chiefly  of  silica 
and  alumina.  At  a  price  of  11  dollars  per  t(m  for  the  coals, 
the  coast  of  the  oil  is  estimated  at  63  cents  per  gallon. f 

AliHKUT   COAL. 

This  bituminous  mineral  occurs  at  IlillsbonV,  Albert 
County,  in  the  province  of  New  Brunswick,  and  within 
four  miles  of  the  Peticodiac  lliver.  It  is  an  injected  vein, 
situated  almost  vertically  in  the  earth,  and  from  one  to  six- 
teen ieet  in  thickness.  It  is  associated  with  rocks  highly 
charged  with  bitumen,  and  has  neither  roof,  flot^r,  uuder- 

•  Li'iuhn  JoHrmd  vf  Oils  Liijlilimj,  iii.  Ti-il.     Yoiiii^r  r.v  WIiIIl',  iuul  dtlieis. 
f  Report  of  tlie  Coiiiiiiitti'u  Xorth  Aiiioricaii  Keroswio  ( l;w  IJdit  (Joinpany, 
New  Yojk.     ISUO. 


22 


AMIKUT  COM.. 


f'lny,  Mor  sfnitiirn  of  tili';n»nn'ii,  nor  otluT  ricconiiuuiir.icnts 
wliicli  ilistiii^'uisli  iioal  (l«'|i(tsits  I'ldiii  nil  oflicrs.* 

'lilt.'  AlliiTt  I'oiil,  so  nillffl,  is  cxlri'inrlv  l)rilli:iiil,  liniiks 
vitli  ;i  cniK'lioidal  rnictnrc,  (l(<rs  not  soil  tlu'  liii'jt'rs,  innl  is 
strongly  electric.  It  nulls,  inid  (Irnps  in  the  lliinic  of  a 
ciindlc,  iind  dissolves  in  niiplitlia  and  otlier  solvents,  I'oini- 
ing  a  varnisli.  It  li;is  iili  the  e.^sential  itfopeities  ol' 
asphaltiini.  while  it  is  void  ol'  thi>.><e  which  <'t>nstitiite  true 
coal.  Like  the  mineral  ol'  'I'ofliane  Hill,  it  lias  been  the 
suhji'Ct  ol'  disputes  and  lawsuits,  the  total  cost  ol'  which 
has  exceeded  thirty  tliou.saiid  dollars.  If  the  su\)slance 
^Yere  coal,  tlicooal  was  the  ]>roperty  of  one  party;  if  asjihal- 
tiini,  the  asphaltniii  bt-h»n^'c(l  to  aimthcr.  ('oal  had  Inen 
reservi'd  by  the  Crown  of  ("1  rent  Mriiain  ;  but  asjihaltuiu 
Avas  not  inenti«)ncd  in  tho  grants  of  the  land.  In  April, 
lyii'i,  an  intelliL^ent  jury,  who  analysed  thi>  mineral  at  Hali- 
fax, decidid  that  it  was  iisphaltiim,  and  not  coal.  Another 
trial  was  held  in  the  ooniity  when'  the  so-called  AllM>rt  coal 
is  mined  in  Jnlv  of  the  .same  \\'nr.  It  lasted  eleven  davs. 
Chemists  were  .<!Uinmoned  from  every  fpiirter,  and  nnder 
the  most  conflicting  testimony,  and  with  a  jury  of  farmers, 
the  advocates  I'or  coal  obtained  a  verdict,  and  theasphaltnm 
has  sinc(^  been  called  Albert  coal.  The  comjtosilion  of  the 
Albert  i-oa\  is  as  follows: — 


I 


('arl)on    . 
Ilvdidjrt'U 
iV  trojron 
8iaplmr 


8t;:{()7 

8ij-400 

8iM;i' 

!)-20() 

li'.KiO 

aixio 

trnces 

n  trace 

MITI 

li-220 

(fldO 

(llL>M 

KIOUOO 

l(Hi-ll(i(» 

C.  M. 

WKTMKItfll.r,. 

(Iks  NIK. 

*  >-^'f  Tiiylur  (III  C'uiil,  '2(1  ((iiiion,  p  old 


HUKCKKNUIDQK   r-OAL, 


28 


The  iivcrngo  y\vh\  of  criulo  oil   1'V  i'our  tri*is  iu  largo 
retorts  was  110  gullons  per  ton,  aiul 


Volfttilo  itmttcrN 
Coko      . 

Ilygroacopio  moisturo 
Ash 


r.iofio 

306.'0 
0-8fl0 
7-4K) 

loo-ooo 


Of  tlio  crvKle  oil  70  jior  cent,  may  bo  nuulo  into  lanip  oil, 
10  jH'v  cent,  is  heavy  oil  and  paraOine.  The  coko  is  exceed- 
ingly Itriliiant  and  cellular;  it  burns  rapidly,  and  gives  a 
strong  heat. 

BRECKENRIDOE  COAL. 

The  Alleghany,  or  Apalachian  coal  field  of  tho  United 
States  has  been  estimated  to  embrace  63,000  sipiare  miles. 
Tnterstratified  with  the  common  bituminous  coals,  in  this 
vast  region  there  are  very  numerous  strata  of  cannel  coals, 
adapttnl  to  the  manufacture  of  oils.  In  the  numerous  sur- 
veys and  valuable  reports  made  on  tho  coal  districts,  t^annel 
coals  are  seldom  described  as  a  distinct  variety. 

A  j)eculiarity  of  the  great  Western  coal  field  is,  that  tho 
coal  docs  not  appear  to  be  separated  into  basins,  or  lake- 
like depressions  in  the  earth,  as  it  is  in  Europe,  and  in  the 
anthracite  coal  districts.  Tho  bituminous  coal  is  found  in 
the  tops  of  hills,  and  even  in  the  Alleghany  JNIountains,  in 
beds  nearly  horizontal,  and  it  displays  the  same  peculiarity 
as  iL  stretches  away  towards  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the 
Canadian  Lakes,  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Among;  tho  cuuuels  that  have  been  discovered  Breeken- 
ridge  coal  holds  an  important  place.  This  coal  occurs  in 
Breckenridge  County,  K-iiluiiky.     It  is  a  rich  variety  of 


n 


24 


CANDLE  TAR. 


cannel,  three  feet  in  thickness,  and  has  already  suppUed  a 
large  anaount  of  oil  and  paraflfine.  The  lamp  oil,  when  pro- 
perly pnrified,  is  of  good  quality ;  although  the  oil  heretofore 
sent  from  the  manufactory  near  the  mine  to  the  New 
York  market  has  been  generally  inferior  in  color  and  odor. 
At  a  red  heat  this  coal  yields — 


Volatile  mattera 

Fixed  carbon   . 

Aah 

Hygroscopic  mixture 

Sulphur,  a  trace 


61300 

30000 

8-055 

•645 


100  000 


By  the  ordinary'  methods  of  working,  this  coal  yields  130 
gallons  of  crude  oil  per  ton,  of  which  58  per  cent,  was 
manufactured  into  lamp  oil,  and  12  gallons  into  paraffine 
oil  and  paraffine.  The  quality  of  the  coal  is  variable,  and 
the  products  are  very  nmch  influenced  by  the  degree  of 
heat  applied  to  the  retorts  in  the  distillation. 


li 


CANDLE  TAR. 

The  tar  and  pitch  resulting  from  the  manufacture  of 
stearine  have  been  employed  for  the  production  of  oils. 
Large  supplies  have  been  imported  from  England  into  the 
United  States,  and  sold  under  the  names  of  "  grease  "  and 
candle  tar.  The  ordinary  yield  of  crude  oil  from  this  mate- 
rial is  200  gallons  per  ton,  of  which  70  per  cent,  may  be 
made  into  lamp  oil,  and  10  per  cent,  into  lubricating  oil. 
The  oils  are  excellent  in  quality ;  but  heretofore  the  first 
distillation  of  the  tar  has  been  attended  with  inconvenience, 
as  it  "  foams  up"  in  the  retorts,  and  the  coke  adheres  very 
firmly  to  their  sides.  The  price  has  varied  from  25  to  40 
dollars  per  ton. 


BROWN  COAL. 


25 


id 


SOUTH  BOGHEAD  COAL. 

Near  Poole  (England)  there  occurs  a  peculiar  kind  of 
shale,  which  has  been  sold  as  "  South  Boghead  Coal."  It 
abounds  in  the  remains  of  fishes  and  Crustacea.  It  gives 
out  42  per  cent,  of  volatile  matter,  and  therefore  has  offered 
an  object  of  trial  to  oil-makers ;  but  the  oils  made  from 
this  rock  contain  a  greater  number  of  the  equivalents  of 
carbon  than  those  derived  from  coals,  or  bitumens,  and  with 
the  ordinary  density  they  smoke  in  the  common  lamp.  It 
seems  quite  evident  that  the  elements  of  the  oil — carbon, 
hydrogen,  oxygen,  and  nitrogen,  now  composing  the  shale, 
in  part,  have  been  derived  from  fishes  and  other  marine 
animals,  and  not  from  the  vegetable  kingdom,  as  in  the 
case  of  coal. 

BROWN   COAL. 

Singular  beds  of  brown  coal  have  been  discovered 
on  the  Ouachita  River,  Arkansas,  and  at  other  places  in 
that  quarter.  They  contain  the  remains  of  sphagneous  plants 
and  woody  fibre.  It  appears  that  peat  bogs  have  been 
overflown,  or  otherwise  saturated  with  petroleum,  and 
hardened  by  time  and  oxidation.  The  oils  distilled  from 
this  material  abound  in  paraffine.  It  has  the  following 
composition  in  100  parts : — 

Volatile  matters  condensed  into  oils,  and  gas  uncondensed     60'10 

Fi.Ted  carbon 32  85 

Ash 705 


lOO'OO 
Crude  oil  at  the  rate  of  68  gallons  per  ton  was  obtaii^ed 
from  it.     It  is  semi -solid  when  the  thermometer  is  at  80°. 
Fah.,  and,  besides  lamp  and  lubricating  oils,  it  produces 
143  lbs.  of  parafiine  per  ton. 


26 


BITUMEN. 


lUTlMKN    OF  TUINIDAD,   CUBA,  ETC. 

The  eolebratod  Pitch  Lake  of  the  Island  of  Trinidad*  is 
upwiirds  of  three  miles  in  circuniforcnco,  and  forms  the 
head  of  La  Brae  harhor.  At  the  time  of  the  author's  visit 
to  the  place,  the  bitumen,  of  the  consistence  of  thin  mortar, 
was  flowing  out  I'roni  the  side  of  a  hill,  and  making  its 
way  outwaixis  over  more  compact  layers  towards  the  sea. 
As  the  somi-solid  and  sulphureous  mineral  advances,  and 
is  exposed  to  the  atmosphere,  it  becomes  more  solid;  but 
over  continues  to  advance  and  cricroach  upon  the  water  of 
the  harbor.  The  surface  of  the  bitumen  is  occupied  by 
small  ponds  of  water — clear  and  transparent,  in  which 
there  are  several  kinds  of  beautiful  fishes.  The  sea,  near 
the  shore,  sends  up  considerable  quantities  of  naphtha  from 
submarine  springs,  and  the  water  is  often  covered  with  oil, 
which  reflects  the  colors  of  the  rainbow.  In  the  cliffs,  along 
the  shores,  theiv  ar«  strata  of  lignite,  in  which  it  has  been  sup- 
posed by  some  the  bitun\en  and  naphtha  had  their  origin. 

It  was  from  this  bitumen  the  author  first  obtained  kero- 
sene, which  difioi"s  in  some  degree  from  "  coal  oil."  The 
bitumen  is  of  a  grey  color,  somewhat  brittle,  but  still  yield- 
ing, more  or  less,  to  the  summer  heat  of  the  sun.  A  cargo 
of  broken  massi>s  will  consolidate  itself  in  a  ship's  hold  in 
such  u  manner  as  to  require  mining  before  it  can  be  dis- 
charged. Its  shipment  has  been  refused  under  the  belief 
that  it  strains  the  vossjoI.  The  following  is  the  result  of 
several  trials  made  with  reference  to  its  application  for  the 
manufacture  of  oils : — 


Spocit'k"  jjraviiv 

Cnulo  oil  l»y  lirst  ilislill!\tioi»     . 
Oils  by  -soroiiil  (iistilliitiou  per  cent. 
PnrivtVuip  jHM-  cent.    . 


0-882 
71  gallons 
62      " 
U 


*  fSoo  the  froutispieco. 


BITUMEN. 


27 


i:i« 


jf 


Of  oil  proper  for  lamps  it  gave  42  gallons  per  ton,  and  for 
lubrication  11  gallons.  A  bitumen  yielding  more  than  the 
above  quantities  of  oils  may  be  obtained  in  small  quanti- 
ties on  the  borders  of  the  Great  Lake.  The  odor  of  the 
oils  obtained  from  Trinidad  bitumen  has  heretofore  been 
very  offensive.  It  may,  however,  be  removed  by  proper 
treatment. 

There  are  several  extensive  mines  of  bitumen  (chapapote) 
in  the  Island  of  Cuba,  and  springs  of  petroleum  have  been 
known  to  the  Spaniards  since  the  early  settlement  of 
Havana.  The  average  product  of  crude  oil  obtained  from 
this  bitumen  is  120  gallons  per  ton.  It  has  recently  been 
shipped  to  England  for  manufacturing  purposes ;  but  with 
all  the  skill  that  has  been  applied  to  them  the  oils  retain 
their  objectionable  odor. 

Central  and  South  America  abound  in  asphaltum,  bitu- 
men, petroleum,  and  bituminous  clay,  which  have  begun  to 
draw  the  attention  of  enterprising  Americans.  The  latter 
is  an  excellent  article,  and  its  oils  are  free  from  many  of 
the  impurities  so  often  contained  in  coal  oils. 

V^aluable  deposits  of  bitumen  have  been  discovered  in 
California  and  Nicaragua.  The  as^ihaltos  of  Coxitambo, 
Peru,  have  long  been  known.  Bitumen  and  petroleum 
also  exist  in  Canada,  in  the  county  of  Rambton,  one  hun- 
dred miles  east  of  Detroit.  The  naphtlui  of  Rangoon  has 
been  shipped  from  Burmah  to  England,  and,  after  purifica- 
tion, to  the  New  York  market  for  sale.  It  yields  three  per 
cent,  of  paraffine,  and  much  heavy  oil.  A  vpin  has  recently 
been  discovered  near  Cairo,  thirty  miles  east  of  Parkers- 
burg,  Virginia.  It  is  represented  as  a  perpendicular  mass, 
jutting  out  from  the  side  of  a  liill  two  hundred  and  ninety 
feet.  The  strata  of  the  hill  are  nearly  horizontal,  and  they 
are  cut  at  right  angles  by  the  continuous  vein  of  the  bitu- 


i>"] 


•  1 


:m 


ii 


*  ii 

5 


I 


I 


28 


PETROLEUM. 


minous  mineral,  wliicli  is  four  feet  eight  inches  in  thickness. 
TIio  position  of  the  vein  has  been  ascertained  by  the  pro- 
prietors, who  have  sunk  a  shaft  upon  the  hne  of  the  out- 
crop. A  sensible  description  represents  that  it  appears  the 
hill  has  been  split,  a  perpendicular  chasm  opened,  and  after- 
wards filled  with  asphaltum  in  a  liquid  state,  and  which 
has  since  hardened  into  a  coinpact  material.  Coal  never 
occurs  in  this  manner ;  but  is  always  interstratified  with  its 
associate  sandstones,  shales,  and  fire  clays.  In  all  its  geolo- 
gical relations  and  character,  the  Cairo  deposit  is  like  the 
asjihaltum  of  Albert  County,  New  Brunswick.  The  bitu- 
men veins  of  Cuba  have  similar  positions  in  the  earth. 
The  Cairo  asphalt  will  no  doubt  be  found  valuable  for  the 
manufacture  of  oils.  But  it  is  the  oil  resources  of  the 
United  States  that  more  particular  descriptions  are  called 
for.  The  geology  of  bitumen  and  petroleum  opens  a  wider 
ranire  for  investigation  than  this  work  ia  intended  to  take. 


PETBOLEUM  SPRINGS  AND   BITUMEN   OF  THE   UNITED 

STATES. 


Among  the  number  of  natural  productions  adapted  to 
the  manufacture  of  oils  within  the  limits  of  the  United 
States,  none  appear  at  present  to  be  of  greater  value  than 
the  petroleum  of  the  coal  region.  The  "Seneca  or  Gene- 
see oil ''  has  long  been  known,  collected,  and  employed 
for  medicinal  purposes.  It  occurs  in  the  State  of  New 
York,  at  Cuba,  Cayuga  Lake,  in  Cataraugus  County,  Syra- 
cuse, and  other  places.  At  Fredonia,  Chautauque  County, 
natural  jets  of  carburotted  hydrogen  issue  from  the  earth. 
The  gas  is  collected  in  gasometers,  and  employed  for  light- 
ing houses.     Similar  streams  of  gas  have  been  found  at 


ALLEGHANY  COAL  FIELD. 


29 


other  localities.*  These  gas  jets  are  evidently  connected 
with  the  naphthalous  springs,  and  arc  the  result  of  decom- 
posing agencies  going  forward  in  the  earth. 

It  has  been  already  stated  that  the  Alleghany  bitvxminous 
coal  field  occupies  an  area  of  63,000  square  miles.f  The 
number  of  those  square  miles  in  each  of  eight  different 
States  has  been  set  down  in  the  following  manner ::{: 


ra- 


it- 
at 


i 
No.                   Statkb.                      Area  of  the  States. 

Aren  of  Hltuiiilnous 
Coal  Strutu  therein. 

1 

2 
3 

4 
5 
6 

7 
8 

Alabama  .... 
Georgia    .... 
Tennessee      .     .     . 
Kentuck}'      .    .     . 

Virginia    .... 

« 

Maryland  .... 
Ohio     ..... 
Pennsylvania     .     . 

Sqimre  Miles. 
51,770 

58,000 

45,000 

40,500 

64,000 

13,950 

44,400 

47,000 

4,300 

150 

4,300 

9,000 

21,000 

550 

11,900 

15,000 

Total 

364,620 

66,200 

At  numerous  places,  and  throughout  almost  the  whole 
extent  of  this  coal  region,  reservoirs  of  petroleum,  deep  in 
the  earth,  and  springs  of  the  oil  have  been  found  to  exist, 
and  frequently  associated  with  salt  water,  and  doubtless 
salt  itself. 

*  Vanuxitu's  first  Annual  Geological  Report  of  the  State  of  New  York. 
1837,  p.  1U5. 
f  Transactions  Asso.  American  Geologists  and  Naturalists,  vol.  i.,  p.  436. 
t  Taylor,  Statistics  of  Cool,  2d  ed.,  p.  271. 


4M 


m 


I 


t 


ih 


80 


PETROLEUM  SPRINGS  AND  WELLS. 


The  original  manufacture  of  kerosene,  for  wliieli  the 
public  is  niucli  indebted  to  the  New  York  Kerosene  Gas 
Light  Company,  was  ibllowed  by  the  manufacture  of  "coal 
oil."  Tiie  celebrity  the  oil  has  obtained  for  illumination 
has  led  many  to  examine  the  earth,  not  only  for  coals,  but 
for  every  mineral  that  will  afford  oil  by  distillation.  The 
result  has  been  remarkable.  In  some  instances  the  borings 
made  for  salt  water  have  given  vent  to  petroleum  in  large 
supplies.  In  places  where  there  have  been  indications  of 
tlio  mineral  oil  at  the  surface,  the  earth's  crust  has  been 
perforated,  and  the  petiolcum  is  now  pumped  up,  and 
constantly  flowing  from  its  deej)  subterranean  cisterns.* 
What  is  the  value,  it  may  be  asked,  of  63,000  square  miles 
of  country  whieli  yields  coal,  iron,  oil,  and  salt,  beneath 
its  fertile  soil?  ! ! !  Here  are  the  elements  of  strength,  heat, 
light,  food,  and  the  giant  steam  opened  at  once  to  the 
science,  skill,  and  untiring  energy  of  an  enterprising  jujoplc. 

Mineral  oil,  or  petroleum  was  known  to  the  ancients,  and 
employed  by  them  for  various  purposes.  Herodotus  treats 
of  the  wells  of  Zakantluis,  now  called  Zante,  which  still 
yield  bitumen.  Plutarch  describes  tlie  sjiectaele  of  a  sea 
on  fire,  or  lake  of  inflamed  petroleum,  near  Kcbatana.  The 
perpetual  fires  that  burnt  at  the  Pagan  shrines  are  supposed 

*  To  obtain  the  pctrolouin,  lioles  of  tlireo  and  four  inches  dianu'tci'  nro 
drilled  througii  the  dch,i.i  of  the  purfiicc  and  the  rocks  lieneath.  When  the 
oil  is  "dntch"  it  is  foreed  out  by  tlio  pressure  of  tiie  ^'a.s  below,  ami  Hows 
for  some  time  without  the  aid  of  a  pump.  An  iron  jiijio  is  inserted  into  the 
hole,  and  so  eontrived  that  tho  surface  water  shall  not  enter  the  well.  To 
the  to])  of  thi.s  jiipe  a  pump  is  atl.ieiied,  and  worked  by  hand,  or  by  .steam 
jiowi'r.  So  ;_'n:'at  is  the  disnhari>-e  of  tlie  pctroleuui.  in  some  in,'<tanc('S.  that 
sufficient  vessels  cannot  bo  obtained  for  its  reception,  and  it  runs  in  oily 
streams  over  tho  surface.  Some  springs  yield  tiOO  barrels  per  day,  A  reser- 
voir of  oil  has  been  open'd  near  Tidcout,  Erie  County,  Pennsylvania,  at  n 
depth  of  no  feot,  which  yields  300  barrels  jier  day. 


PETROLEUM   KNOWN  TO  THE  INDIAN  TRIBES. 


81 


to  have  been  produced  by  springs  of  mineral  oil  inflamed 
at  the  surface.  The  springs  of  the  United  States  were 
known  to,  and  the  oils  used  by  the  now  dispersed  tribes  of 
Indians.  Between  the  mouth  of  Oil  Creek  and  Titusville, 
Pennsylvania,  old  vats  are  to  be  seen,  and  trees  are  now 
growing  ujion  the  earth  thrown  out  in  the  sinking  of  pits 
to  coUoct  the  naphtha  of  the  surface.*  At  the  present  time 
the  j)rincipal  borings  for  oil  are  in  Pennsylvania,  Virginia, 
and  Ohio.  Explorations,  and  the  sinking  of  pipes,  have 
been  commenced  in  Alabama,  Georgia,  Tennessee,  Ken- 
tucky, and  Maryland.  The  average  depth  at  which  oil  is 
obtained  has  not  yet  far  exceeded  two  hundred  and  fifty 
feet.  Deeper  sinkings  may  hereafter  be  found  profitable. 
Garburotted  hydrogen  gas  frequently  escapes  from  the  pipe 
when  it  is  first  let  down  into  the  earth,  and  sometimes  salt 
water  rises  with  the  oil.  Accurate  records  have  not  been 
kept  of  all  the  strata  penetrated ;  but  they  aj^pear  to  consist 
chiefly  of  limestone,  sandstone,  and  shale.  At  the  present 
time  u))\vards  of  five  hundred  and  fifty  wells  have  been 
opened,  or  the  borings  are  in  progress.  From  the  wells  to 
whieh  puin})s  had  been  ajiplied,  twenty-five  thousand  gallons 
of  crude  oil  are  raised  daily,  and  the  quantity  is  rapidly 
increasing.  Before  this  report  can  go  before  the  ])ublic,  it 
is  quite  safe  to  state  that  the  daily  supply  of  petroleum  will 
amount,  to  thirty  thousand  gallons  per  day,  for  the  supply 
of  lamps,  and  to  relieve  the  friction  of  machincry.f     The 


t-   i    : 


■''1 


*  As  I'ui'ly  as  1815,  Lewis  Peterson,  Esq..  of  Alleghany  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, oiiened  two  spvinps  of  ixtroleum  while  borinjr  for  salt  water.  In  IS'iT 
these  sprin^js  guvc  from  thirty  to  forty  nallons  per  day.  The  oil  was  sold 
for  nieilieiiin!  piu'iiosos,  and  the  supply  from  the  .sprinirs  has  not  aliated. 

f  III  Illinois  the  ])i'troleinn  oceurs  in  a  porous  limestone,  tiii'ough  which 
the  oil  niters.  Tiiis  rook  Las  been  called  the  prairio  gas  stoni',  and  is  proba- 
l)ly  ol  jrreat  extent. 


I 


'\ 


82 


BITUMEN  OF  VIRGINIA. 


J 


introduction  of  kerosene  into  the  United  States  gave 
rise  to  poetical  descriptions  of  the  long  and  lasting  holi- 
day the  wluilos  of  the  sea  would  enjoy  from  the  substitution 
of  oils  from  coals  for  oils  from  animals.  It  now  appears 
that  the  dreams  of  those  who  advocated  peace  with  the 
marine  mammalia  are  to  be  realized.  The  purified  petro- 
leums not  only  afford  licjuid  oils,  but  also  the  solid  paraf- 
fine,  which  for  candles  exceeds  in  beauty,  and  equals  in 
light,  the  ])ure  sjierm  taken  from  the  heads  of  the  finny 
monsters  of  the  soa. 

Besides  tlie  petroleums  before-mentioned,  a  bed  of  bitu- 
men has  been  discovered  in  Kitchie  County,  Virginia,  as 
reported  from  that  quarter.  The  samples  received  from 
this  new  mine  are  bright,  glossy,  and  brittle.  They  are 
rich  in  oil,  and  yield  at  the  rate  of  one  hundred  and  seventy 
gallons  per  ton.  This  bitumen  is  evidently  petroleum,  which 
has  at  some  remote  jieriod  issued  from  the  earth  and  been 
hardened  by  evapoi'ation  and  exposure  to  the  oxygen  of 
the  atmosphere.  The  oil  springs  frequently  occur  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  coal.  They  are  within  the  bor- 
ders of  the  coal  ludd,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the 
oil  and  the  coal  had  one  common  origin.  An  idea  has 
been  thrown  out  that  the  petroleum  has  been  distilled  from 
the  anthracites  of  Pennsylvania  and  bordering  country,  as 
those  anthracites  in  general  contain  no  bitumen.  But  the 
anthracite  coal  field  is  sei)arated  from  the  bitununous 
coal  region,  and  the  chief  districts  of  the  oil  springs  by 
the  Alleghany  mountains,  and  it  is  scarcely  reasonable  to 
believe  that  the  bitumen  derived  from  the  anthracites  ever 
penetrated  through,  or  beneath  lofty  mountain  masses  of 
primary  aiid  metamor})hic  rocks. 

The  fact  has  been  very  clearly  made  out,  that  the  slow 
and  gradual  passage  of  wood  into  coal  is  accompanied  by 


DENSITIES  OF  PETROLEUM. 


88 


the  escape  of  carbon  and  lij'drogen  in  the  form  of  carbu- 
rettcd  hydrogen.  The  oils  themselves  are  compounds  of 
carbon  and  hydrogen.  The  one  is  a  gas,  the  other  a  liquid, 
and  the  latter  is  condensed  from  the  former. 

It  appears,  therefore,  that  the  conversion  of  vegetable 
matter  into  coal  is  still  progressing  in  the  bituminous  Alle- 
ghany coal  field,  and  that  the  oils  and  gases  now  flowing  from 
the  earth  are  only  the  results  of  those  chemical  operations 
going  forward  in  Nature's  laboratory,  by  which  wood ,  is 
transformed  into  coal,  and  coal  into  anthracite,  and  even 
into  plumbago.  Nor  is  this  process  very  different  from 
that  employed  by  art,  for  by  the  distillation  of  wood  and 
coals,  charcoal,  and  coke,  oils  and  gases  are  obtained,  like 
those  now  being  distilled  in  the  ever-working  retorts  of  the 
earth.  In  Alleghany  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  at  other 
sites,  the  springs  and  coal  occur  in  immediate  proximity  to 
each  other. 

Like  the  oils  distilled  from  coals,  the  petroleums  from 
different  springs  vary  in  their  specific  gravities  from  0*820 
to  0'880.  This  reality  affords  further  evidence  that  the 
subterranean  distillation  has  advanced  more  at  some  points 
than  at  others,  for  the  lightest  oils  always  distil  first. 
From  the  foregoing  facts  and  the  reasons  which  may  be 
deduced  from  them,  it  does  not  appear  probable  that  the 
oil  springs  will  soon  fail,  but  will  continue  their  supplies 
until  all  the  chemical  agencies  operating  upon  the  thick 
strata  of  coal  beneath  have  subsided,  and  the  once  woody 
fibre  of  the  coal  has  ceased  to  expel  carburetted  hydro- 
gen. 

A  number  of  the  most  valuable  materials  for  the  pro- 
duction of  oils  having  been  treated  of,  some  of  the  different 
kinds  of  coals  and  bitumens,  and  such  as  have  been  sub- 
mitted  to  the   test  of  working  by  the  author,  may  be 


!  S. 


i'j-i' 

;   !■  1:  it 


84 


PRODUCTS  OF  COALS. 


'i'h 


Locality. 


England, 
Derbyshire  .  .  . 
Wipan  Cannel .  . 
Liver|)ool  "  .  . 
Poole  (Slmle)  .  . 
Newcastle  .    .    . 


Scothmd. 
Boghead  .  .  , 
Scotch  Cannel .  . 
Lesmahago .    .    . 


VnUtllo 
Muttura. 


Provincial, 

Albert  Coal,  N.  Brunawick 
Asphalto  Rock,        " 
Pictou  Shale,  Nova  Scotia 

American. 

Breckenridgo 

Erie  Railroad 

Newburg 

FaUingRock 

Pittsburg 

Kanawha 

Elk  River 

Cannelton 

Coshocton,  Ohio  .... 

Bitumen,  Ac,  United  States, 

Ouachita  River,  Arkansas  . 

Ritchie  County,  Virginia   . 

Pennsylvania 

Petroleum  Springs,  Alaba- 
ma, Georgia,  Tennes- 
see, Kentucky,  Virginia, 
Maryland,  Ohio,  Penn- 
sylvania   

Cuba. 
Bitumen 


Bitumen 


Trinidad. 


Bitumen , 


Canada. 


48-3G 

44 

39 

42 

35 

70-10 

38 

61 

CI -050 

43 

27 

61-30 

35 

38 

50 

36 

46 

41 

34 

45 

60 


71 


38 


70 


Coko. 


53 
56 
61 
58 
65 

29-90 

62 

49 

30-65 

57 

73 

38-55 

65 

52 

50 

64 

54 

59 

66 

54 

40 


Tlold  of  Crudo  OH 
per  toil. 


82  gallons. 

74 

50 

50 

48 

120 
40 
96 

110 
64 

47 

130 
47 
72 
80 
49 
71 
60 
86 
74 

64 
170  gals,  per  tou. 

From  70  to  90 
per  cent,  of 
Lamp  Oil. 


29  120 

52        I    70 

30  i  118 


DENSITIES  OP  PETROLEUM. 


85 


noticed,  and  for  convenience  sake  arranged  in  a  table  as 
on  the  preceding  page,  omitting  the  fractions  of  their  pro- 
ducts. 

The  foregoing  table  will  afford  some  guide  to  the  manu- 
facturer, regarding  the  proportions  that  crude  oil  bears 
to  the  volatile  matters  of  the  material.  The  quality  and 
specific  gravity  of  the  oils,  and  the  quantities  of  paraffine, 
are  not  inserted,  as  they  are  ruled  by  the  heat  employed  in 
the  first  dry  or  decomj)osing  distillation,  a  knowledge  of 
which  is  best  acquired  by  experience. 


n 


1' ' 

fl: 


itl 


«6 


RKTORTrt. 


ClIAPTKK  III. 

Nature  of  tho  ProducUi  dmtille«l  rroin  nitiiinimMm  Siibfltiincox. — Modon  of 
obuiniiijj  Oiln. — UctortH.— D-8lini»i'il  Hotortw. — Uovolvlnjf  Kotorta — Ver- 
tical lU'lorta— Clay  lluturtM  — Hrick  Ovcnu.— Coko  (Ivcns. — Stills, — Oon- 
densers. — Aj^itutors,  oto. 

To  obtain  oils  from  coals  nml  other  dry  bituminous 
materials,  it  is  neccaaary  in  the  first  place  that  they  shall 
be  submitted  to  dry  or  decomj)osin^'  distillation,  by  which 
oils  are  formed,  the  coke  or  fixed  carbon  remaining  with 
the  a.sh  in  the  distilling  vessel.  The  economy  and  perfec- 
tion of  this  operation  dejiend  upon  the  kind  of  retort  used, 
the  degree  of  heat  applied,  and  the  etliciency  of  the  con- 
densirjg  part  of  the  apparatus.  If  a  given  quantit}'  of  coal 
be  distilled  in  a  retort  or  close  vessel  at  a  heat  of  1,200°  or 
thereabouts,  in  the  manner  that  coal  gas  is  made,  a  large 
quantity  of  gas  will  be  formed.  The  oily  products  will  be 
small  in  quantity,  and  consist  chiefly  of  benzole,  naphtha, 
naphthaline,  carbolic  acid,  ))iceumar,  pittical,  copnomor, 
and  other  hydrocarbons,  which,  so  far  as  the  oil  manufac- 
turers' objects  are  concerned,  may  be  called  impurities. 
They  are  not  impurities ;  but  in  the  progress  of  chemical 
science  they  may  hereafter  become  valuable.  Again,  the 
crude  oils  obtained  by  such  a  heat  contain  more  carbon 
than  those  produced  by  a  lower  heat,  much  of  the  hydro- 
gen being  driven  off  from  the  coal  in  carburetted  gases. 
But  if  the  heat  to  which  the  coals  are  exposed  does  not 
exceed  750"  or  800"  Fan.,  a  diflerent  claas  of  results  fol- 
lows.    Instead  of  true  benzole,  eupion*  will  be  formed, 

*  The  conipoaitiou  of  bcuzole  is  Cu.  Ha.    That  of  eupiou  is  C;.  U,,. 


KKTORTtl. 


87 


tho  naplitli.alitjo  will  be  rei)lrtCO(l  by  parnnino,  tlio  carbolic 
acid,  ])iccaiiiar,  copuomor,  etc.,  will  be  los.s  in  <pi!mtity,  and 
tliori!  will  bo  a  great  incrcasu  of  tho  oils  otnploy(>d  in  lamps 
and  for  oiling  machinrry. 

To  obtain  these  results,  not  a  little  will  depend  upon  the 
form  of  the  retort,  and  the  mode  by  which  the  oily  vapors 
generated  in  it  are  condensed.  I'he  retort  which  will  per- 
mit the  charge  of  i-oal  to  be  equally  heated  throuudiout,  is 
best ;  lur  if  the  heat  be  strong  on  one  part  t)f  the  charge, 
and  weak  on  another  part,  the  former  will  produce  perma- 
nent gas  and  impure  oils,  while  tho  latter  has,  perhaps,  a 
temperature  too  low  to  produce  oils  at  all.  It  is  on  this 
account  that  revolving  retorts,  which  keep  the  charge  in 
constant  motion,  have  been  introduced. 


RETOnT. — EI.RVATIOK. 


fictile 


BKTOUT  AND   MAIV.— BKCTIny. 


Full  descriptions  of  all  the  retorts  and  ovens  which  have 
been  experimented  with,  tried,  patented,  used,  and  in  use, 
for  distilling  oils  from  coals,  would  not  be  inteiesting  or 


.i-i.j 


88 


RETORTS. 


useful.  For  such  descriptions  it  is  necessary  to  refer  to  the 
American,  Eiifflish,  and  French  records  of  patent  inven- 
tions. Grreat  as  their  number  is,  it  is  still  increasing. 
Many  ])ersons  besides  chemists,  who  are  concerned  in  this 
kind  of  manufacture,  and  tyros  in  the  art,  have  a  fimcy 
for  some  novelty  in  which  neither  philosophy  nor  chemis- 
try can  discover  any  merit,  and  vast  sums  of  money 
have  been  wasted  in  seeking  the  talisman  that  would 
convert  everything  into  oil. 

Horizontal  D-shaped  retorts,  of  larger  size,  two  or  three 
being  heated  over  one  furnace,  have  proved  satisfactory ; 


lit. 


I 


a.\».u£3t.EK     DEL  vTVATENa- 69»     Sv. 

REVOLVniO  BBTOHT. — FEONT  KI.F.VATION. 


; 


I,  I 


and  in  .some  instances  they  have  taken  the  places  of  the 
revolving  cylinders.  They  may  be  made  of  iron  or  clay. 
They   are  simple    in   construction,   and   readily   charged 


RETORTS. 


89 


and  discharged.  They  may  be  made  from  thirty  to 
forty-five  inches  in  width,  and  from  eight  to  ten  feet  in 
length.  The  latter  size  will  distil  three  charges  of  cannel 
coal,  of  4501bs.  each,  in  twenty-four  hours,  at  a  heat  not 
exceeding  780''  Fah.  Forty  of  these  retorts  and  more  may 
discharge  into  one  main,  from  which  the  gas  is  conveyed  to 
a  gasometer,  to  be  afterwards  used  for  fuel  or  for  lighting. 
It  is  necessary  that  the  discharge-pipes  leading  from  these 
retorts  to  the  main  should  not  be  less  than  eight  inches  in 


Scale 


vy^ 


m„ll--L] II     .III 

'w  K  '■'  '<^  '<' 


:!il^i:i:-lliilii:!:^^ 


1SP3 


i" 


^il!iill!illlll!!llillll!!'li'!i":';ii 


iljli. 


*M 


Tl 


^^^^^^^S^r 


ill 


llil 


iiiiiipur, 


iilillillUI 


I:.  !    : 


jM 


1i        ■ 


■  J      IWATtRS-SON 

•KVOLVIMO   BKTOET.— ri.AH. 


li.HaEMCH.OD. 


diameter,  to  prevent  pressure  and  insure  safety  ;  and  they 
should  be  inserted  into  the  end  of  the  retort  opposite  the 


Will 


/!'" 


^■ii 


m 


M 


I 


40 


REVOLVING   RETORTS. 


head  and  fnniaoo,  ami  upon  a  lovel  with  the  upper  part 
of  the  charge.  The  main  itself  should  be  three  feet  in 
dianietoi". 


* ' 


REVOLVING  RETORTS. 

Kevolving  retorta  were  employed  by  Gingembre,  of 
France,*  and  by  olhers,  many  yeara  ago,  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  coal  gjis;  but  from  their  cost,  and  liability  to  get 
out  of  order,  they  were  discarded.  Since  January,  1858, 
several  patents  have  been  granted  in  the  United  States  for 
this  kintl  of  retort,  as  being  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of 
oils  from  coals,  shales,  etc.  In  some  establishments  they 
are  now  in  use ;  in  othei's  they  have  been  replaced  by  large 
D-shaped  stationary  retorts. 

They  are  iron  or  clay  cylinders,  frequently  six  feet  in 
diameter  and  eight  feet  long,  sustained  upon  an  axle  at 
each  end.  the  vapors  passing  through  the  axle  opposite  the 
furnace,  or  head,  where  they  are  charged  through  a  man- 
hole in  the  usual  manner.  They  are  kept  in  motion  by 
machinery  propelled  by  steam,  making  two  or  more  revo- 
lutions per  minute.  The  advantages  of  the  revolving 
retort  are,  that  the  charge  being  constantly  agitated 
by  the  UK^tion  of  the  cylinder,  every  part  of  the  material 
is  from  time  to  time  brought  in  contact  with  a  heated  sur- 
face, so  that  it  is  exhausted  in  much  less  time  than  it  could 
be  in  a  stationary  retort;  thus,  also,  there  is  a  saving  of 
fuel.  A  retort  of  the  above  dimensions  will  run  six 
charges  of  one  ton  each,  in  twenty  four  hours,  of  ordinary 
cannel  coals.  The  objections  urged  against  them,  by 
those  who  have  given  them  a  trial,  are  their  cost  and  lia- 
bility to  get  out  of  order.  They  also  grind  the  coal  to  a 
powder,    which,   by   being    carriec"    along   with   the  oily 

•  thrveLi  iVJnvention,  vol.  ix.,  p.  235. 


:l  f 


VERTICAL  RETORTS. 


41 


!i 


vapors,  is  apt  to  fill  up  the  condensing  worm,  and  its 
admixture  with  the  oil  increases  the  cost  of  purification. 
But  the  rapidity  by  which  they  distil  the  coal,  and  the 
saving  of  fuel,  are  certain  results ;  and  the  ingenuity  of 
numerous  inventors  may  hereafter  relieve  them  from  the 
above  drawbacks. 

The  revolving  retort  cannot  be  employed  in  the  decom- 
position of  Albert  coal,  nor  any  of  the  softer  bitumens. 
These  substances  melt,  and  adhere  to  the  iron  closely,  and 
therefore  cannot  be  agitated  like  dry  coals,  when  they  are 
heated. 

With  the  before-mentioned  objects  in  view,  namely,  the 
agitation  of  the  material  while  it  is  exposed  to  heat,  oscil- 
lating retorts  have  been  recommended  and  patented.  Iron 
bars  are  fixed  longitudinally  in  the  cylinders,  to  prevent 
the  charge  from  sliding,  and  to  insure  its  rolling  over. 


m 


t   >i 


BRICK  OVENS. 

Brick  ovens  have  been  introduced  to  decompose  coals 
and  produce  oils.  They  arc  made  of  fire-brick,  and  laid 
in  fire-clay.  Their  form  is  such,  that  the  heat  is  distri- 
buted over  a  large  surface.  These  ovens  are  incapable  of 
resisting  pressure,  and  they  are  apt  to  crack  and  grow 
leaky.  If  they  are  ever  found  to  be  economical,  it  will  be 
in  situations  where  coals  and  coal  shales  are  cheap  and 
plenty,  and  where  the  loss  of  vapor  and  fuel  are  not  things 
of  large  account. 


I   '^ 


VERTICAL  RETORTS. 

In  France,  at  Mehlam  on  the  Rhine,  and  other  places  in 
Europe,  upright  retorts  are  used.  They  have  been  em- 
ployed in  Ireland  for  the  distillation  of  pe".t.  They  are 
filled  from  above,  and  when  the  charge  is  exhausted  it  is 


i!  '.*] 


r 


42 


VERTICAL   RETORTS. 


drawn  from  beneatli.     They  require  a  great  deal  of  fuel. 
The  yield  of  oil  is  small  and  impure. 


r^"^ 


.JZ^::z;!^ii^\<>m 


ly-^, — ^ \'-&o^ —   I  ■!3fbe6      vbktical  ivasiieh.— section. 


Scale 


Patents  have  been  granted  in  the  United  States  for 
several  vertical  retorts,  in  which  improvements  are  sup- 


WASHERS. 


48 


posed  to  have  been  made  upon  those  used  in  the  Old 
Country ;  but  in  none  of  these  have  the  advantages  sought 


nOmZONTAL  WASHKR  AND  TANK8.— END  ELEVATION  AND  SECTION. 

for  been  obtained.     It  is  obvious  that  the  discharge  of  the 
gases  from  which  the  oils  are  condensed  must  take  place 


;;  ■« 


I  ^  li 


I,   -i 


i:     i 


iJ 


44 


WASHERS. 


above  the  mass  of  the  material  in  the  retort.    The  sooner 
the  oily  vapor  of  the  charge  is  removed  from  the  retort 


W,«T£RS-iO/V    S.  C.V/.ettNUI     OEL. 

UOBIZONTAL  WABIIEB  AKD  TANKS. — I-ONOITl'DINAL  8E(TI0N. 


and  condensed,  the  greater  will  be  the  amount  of  oil  pro- 
duced; for  if  that  vapor  is  exposed  to  a  heat  equal  to  that 
by  which  it  was  first  formed,  it  will  itself  be  decomposed, 
and  a  part  of  it  converted  into  permancTit  gases.     Again, 


CLAY  RETORTS. 


45 


the  vapor  iirst  formed  will  be  deprived  of  a  part  of  its 
hydrogen,  and  there  will  be  a  diminution  in  the  quantity 
of  lump  oil. 

Agitators,  or  stirrers  in  retorts,  have  been  introduced  for 
the  purposes  before-mentioned.  Count  dc  Ilornpesh 
patented  and  used  an  Arehimedcan  screw  nearly  twenty 
years  ago.  By  means  of  this  screw  the  material  was  agi- 
tated, and  finally  discharged  at  the  end  of  his  retort. 
Several  American  patents  have  been  granted  for  machinery 
to  stir  or  agitate  the  charge  of  material,  both  in  horizontal 
and  upright  retorts  during  its  distillation.  In  situations 
wluire  coal  is  abundant,  the  value  of  these  inventions 
will  be  carefully  weighed  against  the  complexity  of  the 
machinery  and  its  constant  wear. 

Ill  order  to  apply  a  certain  degree  of  heat  to  the  sub- 
stances undergoing  distillation,  baths  of  fusible  metal  have 
been  ])laced  in  retorts  and  stills,  the  melting  point  of  the 
metal  being  adjusted  to  the  degree  of  heat  required;  but 
the  experienced  distiller  calls  for  no  such  aid. 

CLAY  RETORTS. 

Clay  retorts  were  used  in  the  manufacture  of  coal  gas 
many  years  ago,  and  a  contest  has  long  been  carried  on 
between  their  advocates  and  those  who  prefer  iron  for 
that  purpose.  In  Europe  the  clay  retort  is  gradually 
coming  into  use.  In  Scotland  the  old  iron  cylinder  is  now 
seldom  seen  in  gas  works.  The  manufacturers  of  coal  gas 
in  the  United  States  are  yearly  submitting  clay  to  the  test ; 
but  up  to  the  pi  v'sent  time,  of  all  the  retorts  in  operation,  a 
very  few  are  composed  of  that  material.  When  the  clay 
cylinder  is  first  charged,  gas  escai)cs  through  the  fine  fissures 
opened  by  the  baking  of  the  substance.  These  openings, 
however,  arc  soon  closed  with  carbon,  and  the  retort  is 


^•HJ 


m 


i. 


t 


.  ;ii^ 


i    iif 


M 


46 


COKE  FURNACES. 


t:| 


perfect.  The  chief  advantage  of  the  clay  retort  is  its  dura- 
bility. In  tlie  distillation  of  coals  for  the  production  of 
oils,  tlay  are,  doubtless,  valuable,  and  the  ordinary  mecha- 
nic of  the  country  understands  the  methods  by  which  they 
are  put  in  working  order.  In  their  use,  it  should  always 
be  understood  that  they  will  not  withstand  as  much  pres- 
sure as  iriMi,  and  therefore  their  diseharge-pipes  should  be 
large,  and  their  condensing  apparatus  open  and  free. 

Among  the  numerous  means  applied  to  the  extraction  of 
oils  from  coals,  coke  furnaces  merit  some  attention.  Char- 
coal has  been  known  since  the  earliest  ages.  The  coals 
mentioned  in  Isaiah  liv.  16,  seven  hundred  and  twelve 
years  before  Christ,  evidently  refer  to  charcoal.  The 
cutting  and  ])iling  up  of  mounds  of  wood,  covering  them 
with  earth,  and  tiring  them  to  obtain  charcoal,  is  a  process 
familiar  to  almost  every  one.  In  this  operation  all  the 
volatile  products  of  the  wood  cscajie  in  gas  and  smoke, 
and  are  lost.  Within  the  past  century  charcoal  furnaces 
have  been  invented  by  which  those  volatile  products  are 
collected,  and  the  distillation  of  wood  has  produced  a  new 
class  of  substances;  the  chief  of  which  are  acetic  acid, 
pyroxylic  spirit,  creasote,  picamar,  copnomor,  paraffine, 
eupion,  etc. 

In  Cliina,  Russia,  and  Sweden,  the  carbonization  of  wood 
is  eiFeeti'd  in  pits,  or  furnaces  not  dissimilar  to  those  for 
which  patents  have  been  recently  granted  in  this  country. 
The  furnace  is  in  the  shape  of  an  inverted  cone,  and  the 
receptacle  for  the  tar  is  at  its  side.  Coal  is  converted  into 
coke  in  a  similar  manner.  In  Europe  coke  has  been  exten- 
sively usetl  in  the  manufacture  of  iron.  In  Great  Britain 
it  is  bui-ned  on  railways  to  avoid  the  smoke  produced  by 
coals,  and  coking  furnaces  are  in  constant  use  for  its  sup- 
ply.  In  1781  the  Earl  of  Dundonald  obtained  oils  by  heat- 


COKE  FURNACES. 


47 


ing  a  quantity  of  coals  in  a  coke  furnn.co.  The  oils  were 
condensed  from  the  expelled  vapon ,  and  coke  remained. 
The  manufacture  of  coal  gas  now  supplies  vast  quantities 
of  coke,  and  the  oils  arc  called  coal  tar. 

In  August,  1853,  two  patents  were  granted  in  England 
for  upright  coking  furnaces,  the  object  being  to  obtain 
crude  oils,  and  not  coke.  In  these,  and  in  other  instances, 
the  coals  are  produced  in  large  perpendicular  conos,  or 
cylinders  of  masonry.  A  fire  is  lighted  below,  and  as  it 
advances  upwards  the  volatile  parts  of  the  material  arc 
driven  off  by  the  heat  produced  by  itself,  and  without  the 
aid  of  any  external  heat.  Discharge  pipes  are  fixed  at  the 
top  of  the  furnace,  and  communicate  with  a  condenser  in 
which  the  oils  are  formed. 

The  first  objection  that  presents  itself  to  this  method  of 


nAT£ftSclSON  OMQCS/VCn.  L^€L. 

KXIIAroT   ANP  C0NDKN8EB.— SEinrOV.      8CAI.K  OK  rOKE  OVEN'.— PLAN  AND  SECTION. 


obtaining  oils  is  the  admission  of  air  to  the  material,  by 
which  combustion  rather  than  distillation  is  the  result.    To 


48 


CORK  OVENS. 


aflbrd  a  romody  for  tliis  difticulty  Mr,  Littlo  obtained  an 
English  patent  in  1854,  the  invention  of  which  is  to  draw, 
or  drive  through  the  fire  a  blast  of  air,  which  is  then  said 


In 


['it 


I 


iW,.i.i,  'iJ,:::i:ELrj_i_ 


^fi'Wi'iW(lVi'''i'Pi'  I  'i  '  I  '  I '  r  /  |T7iTiViWiW 


gMTf?jv^Tiii!'i:'i;i^^^^i^i^^!^ia^^ 


i1'*'iTnfrTi^T  r  r~i     i     i     i    '    ■    i  rr 


itVi'i'.'i'i  ^ 


s 


TT,i  i: 


I'll 


w*^ 


ll  I,  >-l.  J,  I     *. 


I  r~i~i  -- 
I     I    I  I  I 


±^m 


sm>m\\\\\i^summm^t 


!  Ill    III  I  I 


m 


'I'i'i'i'JM 


mm.^i^^miim 


Mi:!,!,!:!:!;;;  i;  i ;  i  ,1:1:1:1:0:1:1:0, 


mnTnuiri  I  I  I  I    I     11     1   r  1  1  1  rirmirrrmTr 


x; 


■  Aliaa-aall    •<- 


ft.V.CIINia    Bl^ 


tuKK  OVEN, — SF.lTKiS. 


to  be  "  burned,'^  or  deprived  of  its  free  oxygen,  so  tliat  the 
combustion  of  the  material  is  avoided,  and  the  distillation 
carried  on  by  the  heat  afforded  by  the  gases  emanating 
from  the  material  itself.  In  this  process  the  charge  con- 
tained in  the  coking  furnace  is  first  fired  at  the  bottom, 
then  a  current  of  air  is  drawn  tlirough  the  fire  and  the 
material  in  the  furnace  by  an  aspirator  or  exhausting  pump, 
the  oily  vapors  being  drawn  into  condensing  chambers,  or 
worms,  in  the  manner  practised  in  ordinary  distillations. 
An  upward  distillation  has  been  opposed  on  the  ground 
that  the  oil,  which  at  first  would  be  at  the  top  of  the  fur- 


COKE  OVENS. 


49 


nace,  falls  back,  and  undergoes  repeated  decompositions 
before  its  vapors  finally  escape.  In  practice  this  objection 
Js  groundless,  for  if  the  vapors  from  which  the  oils  are 


1 


.1 

yif 


ifft 


^ 


=^=^ 


\5Feet 


M 


<Feet 


COKE  OV«N— PLAN. 


condensed  are  light,  they  make  their  exit  immediately ;  if 
they  are  heavy,  and  condense  in  the  furnace,  their  oils  are 
improved  by  further  decomposition. 

Patents  have  been  recently  granted  in  the  United  States 
for  similar  coke  furnaces.  In  one  of  these  the  current  of 
air  is  directed  downwards  through  the  fire,  material,  and 
furnace,  by  a  jet  of  steam  thrown  into  the  discharging  pipe 
below.    Alter  a  wood  fire  has  been  kindled  at  the  top  of 


:i 


r  % 
I 


60 


CONDENSERS. 


the  f'unmco,  niid  a  atn.tiun  ol"  hot  coals  is  spread  over  the 
charf,a',  a  downward  cunviit  of  air  is  startod,  and  continued 
until  all  the  volatile  matter  is  expelled  from  the  material. 
It  does  not  apju'ar,  however,  that  reversing  the  air  current 
is  a  matter  of  any  im})ortanee  in  the  operation ;  the  chief 
object  being  to  force  it  through  heated  bodies,  and  then^by 
deprive  it  of  a  part  of  its  oxygen  before  it  reaches  the 
charge.  Ingenious  jus  this  method  of  distillati  )n  really  i.s, 
its  economy  is  doubtful,  for  sulHcii'Ut  heat  cannot  be  ajtplied 
to  lue  charge  in  the  furnace  without  the  admission  of  oxy- 
gen, and  that  oxygen,  when  admitted,  results  in  more  or  less 
actual  combustion,  which  reduces  the  quantity  of  oils.  This 
method  has  been  extensively  tested  by  the  New  York  Kero- 
sene Oil  Company,  who,  according  to  their  published 
reports,  distilled  only  sixty-eight  and  one-seventh  gallons 
of  merchantable  oils  and  paraffinc  from  one  ton  of  Boghead 
coal.  By  the  large  l)-shaped  retort  seventy  gallons  of  such 
oils  can  be  obtained. 

From  what  has  been  stated,  this  question  presents  itself — 
"What  is  the  cheapest,  nuwt  etVicient,  and  economical  retort 
for  matmfactories  of  coal  oils  ?  Perhaps  foremost  in  the 
reply  stands  the  large  horizontal  D-shaped  retort — next  the 
revolving  retort,  which  for  running  the  greatest  (quantity  of 
oil  in  the  shortest  space  of  time  stands  unrivalled. 

Next  in  importance  to  the  form  and  the  mode  of  apply- 
ing beat  to  the  retorts  is  the  condenser,  or  cooling  appara- 
tus, in  which  the  gases  and  vaj^ors  ot  the  material  iissume 
the  liquid  Ibrm.  it  may  be  laid  down  as  a  general  rule, 
that  the  sooner  the  lighter  va})ors  generated  in  the  retort 
are  withdrawn  from  it  and  coulcii,  the  greater  will  be  the 
yield  of  oil.  The  discharge  pipes  of  the  retorts  employed 
in  the  manufacture  of  coal  gas  are  upright  cylinders,  in 
which  a  part  of  the  volatile  products  of  the  distilled  coal 


COMDENSEUS. 


61 


arc  coiidiMised,  and  full  buck  into  the  rotort,  wliero  tlioy  fire 
decomposed,  and  the  (iuuntity  ol"  gas  tiieniby  iucrciuscd. 


WATER5-50N 
OBCDB  OIL  CO.NDENHKB.— I'l.AN. 


aM.aESNER, DEL 


By  this  management  the  gas  is  made  by  the  reduction  of 
the  hydrogen  of  the  coal  tar,  which,  consequently,  contains 
much  carbon,  and  is  thereby  rendered  unfit  for  the  manu- 
facture of  oils  for  lamps.*  The  exit,  or  discharge  pipes, 
should  therefore  open  outwards  from  the  retort,  as  near 
to  the  charge  undergoing  decomposition  as  may  be  con- 
venient. 

*  Seo  t.ablo  of  homologous  compomids. 


1       ^ 


•  Pi; 


62 


CONDENSERS. 


i 


Again,  pressure  upon  the  vapors  generated,  and  the 
retort  itself,  should  be  avoided  as  much  as  possible.    The 


CmCDB  OIL  CONDKNSIB. 


«^    IH^       f 


lONorrvDiNxi.  biction. 


BtfD   ILETATION. 


J 


dipping  of  the  discharge  pipe  in  a  main,  to  seal  it  against  a 
return  of  gas,  causes  a  pressure  according  to  the  extent  of 
that  dip.    The  greater  the  dip  the  greater  the  pressure,  and 


STILLS. 


53 


the  quantity  of  oil  will  be  diminished  accordingly.  It  is 
on  Lhia  account  that  exhausting  pumps  have  been  applied 
to  the  gas  pipe  leading  from  the  main.  The  effect  is  to 
exhaust  the  charge  in  one  half  of  the  time  usually  required 
for  that  purpose,  and  with  less  heat  in  the  furnace.  But 
exhausting  pumps  are  expensive,  and,  when  employed  as 
above,  require  to  be  kept  constantly  in  motion.  Therefore 
when  the  crude  oil  is  made  at  the  mouth  of  a  coal  mine 
their  economy  will  afford  matter  for  consideration. 

The  condenser  may  consist  of  the  common  worm  gene- 
rally used  in  distilleries — a  serpentine  pipe  passing  through 
a  cistern  of  water,  or  an  open  chamber,  all  of  which  must 
be  kept  constantly  cold  by  an  influx  of  water. 

But  when  much  paraffine  is  present  it  is  necessary  to 
keep  the  water  at  a  temperature  of  70'^  or  SO''  to  prevent  the 
paraffine  from  cooling,  and  obstructing  the  apparatus.  The 
gas  that  remains  after  the  condensation  has  been  completed 
may  be  collected  in  gasometers,  and  employed  for  illumi- 
nating purposes — to  afford  heat  for  the  subsequent  distilla- 
tion of  the  oils,  or  to  produre  steam. 


n  ^i 


'\  .jl 


a 

of 

bd 


STILLS. 

The  variety  of  stills,  and  the  contrivances  applied  to 
them,  for  the  distillation  of  coal  and  other  oils,  equals  that 
of  retorts.  Experience  has  led  to  the  almost  general  adop- 
tion of  cast  iron  stills  for  those  purposes.  They  have  been 
made  with  bottoms  concave  upwards  and  with  hemisphe- 
rical tops,  with  bottoms  concave  downwards  and  flat  tops, 
some  broad  and  flat,  others  high  and  cylindrical — some 
have  been  placed  in  steam  jackets — many  are  exposed  to 
the  naked  fire.  The  different  opinions  prevailing  among 
the  manufacturers  prevent  any  settled  form  being  esta- 
blished.    Stills  made  of  boiler-plate  iron  have  been  tried ; 


64 


STILLS. 


but  when  a  high  lieat  is  required,  and  they  are  exposed  to 
the  direct  action  of  the  tire,  they  are  soon  destroyed,  or 
commence  leaking  at  the  rivets.  When  the  heat  exceeds 
560**,  which  is  nec'.ss;\ry  in  the  distillation  of  the  heavier 
oils  and  paraflino,  *hev  arc  in  danger  v.nless  they  are  pro- 
tected by  the  adniission  of  steam,  and  guarded  against  the 
fire  of  the  furnace.  "Whether  the  still  be  of  cast  or  sheet 
iron,  it  is  always  unsafe  to  run  the  oil  down  so  as  to  "cofe" 
its  botton\. 

In  order  to  facilitate  the  flow  of  oils,  stirrers  have  been 
placed  in  the  still  to  agitate  the  charge  during  its  distilla- 
tion. The  efiect  of  these  stirrers  will  ever  be  to  render  the 
distillation  more  or  less  imperfect,  by  lifling  the  impurities 
upwards  into  the  current  of  vapor  rushing  outwards  into 
the  worm.  Stills  with  double  necks  have  been  tried,  but 
without  any  real  advantage.  Some  have  preferred  a  large 
still,  and  they  have  been  made  to  contain  three  thousand 
gallons.  Such  stills  are  more  liable  to  accident,  and  dan- 
gerous in  the  event  of  fracture  than  smaller  ones,  and  have 
no  superiority  in  rogard  to  time  in  working. 

The  first  distillation  of  the  oils  may  be  carried  on  con- 
tinuously bv  admitting  into  the  still  a  small  stream  after  the 
heat  is  up  and  the  distillate  begins  to  flow  from  the  worm. 
But  this  mode  requires  more  than  an  ordinary  degree  of 
heat  to  compensate  for  the  caloric  taken  by  the  inflowing 
oil  to  bring  it  up  to  the  distilling  point.  Simplicity  of 
machinery  ami  steadiness  of  operation  are  always  desira- 
ble ;  on  this  aeeount,  lor  reasons  already  stated,  and,  from 
many  netual  trials,  the  author  recommends  that  the  largest 
stills,  and  those  employed  for  distilling  the  crude  oils  as 
they  come  from  the  retorts  or  oil  springs,  shall  not  exceed 
in  contents  sixteen  hundred  gallons,  and  as  there  is  gene- 
rally a  h)ss  on  the  first  distillation  of  ten  or  twelve  per  cent. 


II  " 


STILLS. 


55 


in  carbon  and  impurities,  the  working  contents  of  the  refin- 
ing stills  need  not  exceed  fourteen  hundred  gallons.  The 
diameter  of  the  largest  stills  may  be  eight  feet  six  inches, 

The  crown  shoul'^ 


with  a  height  of  four  feet  six  inches 


Scale 


BTII,!.. — SECTION. 


A  Gonscnoek. 
S  Donu'. 
C  Kettlo. 


References. 


d  Viilve  on  cooseiicok. 
e  stc'iiiii  pipe. 
/  Hlow-dflF  pipo. 
g  Muiihnle, 


be  moderately  concave  upwards  to  the  neck.  Those  stills 
must  be  carefully  protected  against  the  direct  action  of  the 
fire  by  arches  of  fire-brick.    Common  or  superheated  steam 


^y 


^\    :,; 


56 


CONDENSING   WORMS. 


may  be  introduced  into  them  through  large  rose  jets  open- 
ing above,  or  into  the  charge.  Steam  always  facilitates 
their  operation. 


'A 
1 


CONDENSING  WORMS. 

The  worms,  or  condensing  tubes  for  the  stills,  should  be 
one  hundred  feet  in  length,  with  a  diameter  of  six  inches 
where  they  leave  the  necks,  and  four  inches  throughout 
their  middle  parts,  tapering  down  to  tvvv>  inches  at  the  "  tail 
jdpeJ^  The  worms  are  surrounded  by  water,  in  a  tank, 
where  they  are  kept  cool.  But  when  the  oil  contains  paraf- 
fine,  the  water  must  be  allowed  to  heat  up  to  80"  or  100° 
Fah,  In  cold  water  the  paraffine  would  become  solid,  fill 
up  the  worm,  and  lead  to  the  bursting  of  the  vStill  and  all 
its  dangerous  results. 


■: 


I 


PRODUCTS  OILY  AND  VOLATILE. 


57 


CHAPTER  IV. 


>e 

iS 

It 
:il 

^, 
,f- 

)° 

,11 

.11 


\ 


Products  of  the  distillation  of  wood  coals,  asplialtura,  bitumen,  petroleum, 
and  other  substa  ices  capable  of  yielding  oils. 

PRODUCTS  OF  THE   DISTILLATION   OF  WOOD. 

Tub.  products  of  wood  distilled  in  close  vessels  are  very 
numerous.  The  resinous  woods  give  results  different  from 
those  not  resinous,  and  each  kind  affords  some  peculiar 
products.  During  distillation  all  yield  more  or  \c.s  car- 
bonic acid,  carbonic  oxide,  and  carburetted  hydrogen. 
Charcoal  remains  in  the  retort.  Some  of  the  products  are 
soluble  in  water,  othere  are  not.  Of  the  pi  jducts  soluble 
in  water  and  volatile,  there  are  acetic  acid,  or  pyroligneous 
acid.  This  is  tfcs  most  abundant  liquid.  It  contains  much 
creasote,  and  preserves  meat,  giving  it  at  the  same  time  a 
smoky  taste  and  odor. 

Pyroxylic  spirit. — By  distilling  the  crude  pyroligneous 
acid  a  mixed  liquid  is  obtained,  known  as  pyroxylic  spirit, 
or  hydrated  oxide  of  methyle.  From  this  spirit  Gmelin 
and  Liebig  derived  lignone,  xylite,  xylitic  acid,  naphtha, 
xylitio  oil,  and  resin,  mesetine,  methol,  mesite,  acetone, 
and  other  volatile  liquids  have  been  obtained,  c  "  which,  up 
to  the  present  time,  there  is  but  an  imperfect  knowledge 
existing. 

PRODUCTS  OILY  AND   VOLATILE. 

Among  these  creasote  is  predominant.  This  is  a  clear 
neutral  oil,  with  an  odor  of  smoke,  and  hot  pungent  taste. 
It  evaporates  without  residue,  and  is  turned  to  a  brown 


i 


68 


PRODUCTS   OILY  AND  VOLATIIiK. 


it 


ft-  V 


color  by  bcinp-  exposed  to  the  light.  It  is  soluble  in  ether 
alcohol,  acetic  acid,  ammonia,  and  potash — is  used  as  a 
styptic,  and  considered  as  a  valuable  remedy  for  the  tooth- 
ache, Creasotc  ha?  'so  remarkable  antiseptic  properties, 
and  is  employed  m  yeing  and  tanning.  A  distinetion 
between  creasotc  and  carbolic  acid  has  not  been  clearly 
made  out. 

Picamar  was  discovered  by  Reichenbach,  with  creasotc 
in  the  heavy  oil  of  tar.  With  potash,  it  forms  a  crystalline 
compound.  It  is  a  colorless  oil,  having  a  hot,  bitter  taste. 
Its  composition  has  not  been  clearly  described. 

Copnomor. — With  the  creasote  and  picamar  the  above 
chemist  discovered  opnomor,  a  limpid,  colorless  oil,  highly 
refractive,  with  an  aromatic  odor  and  styptic  taste.  Nitric 
acid  converts  it  into  oxalic  acid,  nitro-picric  acid,  and  other 
complex  substances,  of  which  little  is  Icnown. 

JEiqyion,  another  oily,  or  rather  spirituous  li(]uid,  dis- 
covered by  Reichenbach  in  the  oil  of  tar,  is  C,,  II 4.  It 
is  readily  purified  by  distillation,  and  has  a  specific  gravity 
of  0"740.  The  author  obtained  it  from  the  tar  of  candle 
manufoctories,  with  a  specific  gravity  of  0'640,  and  a  boil- 
ing point  of  112°.  It  is,  therefore,  among  the  lightest 
liquids  known.  It  resists  the  action  of  the  strongest  sul- 
phuric acid.  With  nitric  acid  it  forms  several  new  combi- 
nations analogous  to  those  of  benzole.  It  is  jierfectly 
colorless,  evaporates  rapidly,  and  to  some  persons  it  has  an 
agreeable  odor.  This  oil  does  not  exist  ready  formed  in 
the  tars,  but  is  produced  by  the  action  of  strong  acids  and 
alkalies  upon  the  distillates  of  crude  oils.  In  the  manu- 
facture of  hydrocarbon  oils,  eupion  includes  a  number  of 
die  members  of  the  homologous  compounds  of  carbon  and 
h3''drogen.  It  is  now  irequently  sold  as  benzole,  and  em- 
ployed  for  making  what  is  called  the  benzole  or  atnio- 


' 


PRODrCTS  OF  THE   DISTILLATION   OF   WOOD. 


59 


Spheric  light,  and  for  removing  oil  stains  from  clothes.  A 
number  of  liquids  have  been  classed  under  the  denomina- 
tion of  eupion;  they  are  all  hydro-carbons,  and  their 
formula  is  C,  II,  or  Cj  II4 ,  or  some  multiple  of  it. 

Eupion  may  not  only  be  distilleU  from  wood,  but  also 
from  other  subsHnces  capable  of  yielding  .rs  by  distilla- 
tion. It  burns  with  a  brilliant  white  flame,  free  from 
stroke ;  but  it  is  extremely  inflammable,  and  a  dangerous 
liquid  lor  lamps. 


SOLID   PRODUCTS  OBTAINED   FROM  THE   DISTILLATION   OF 

WOOD. 

Paraffinc  is  the  name  of  a  white  solid  substance,  or 
silvery  scales  resembling  wax,  discovered  by  Reichcnbach. 
It  is  formed  in  large  quantities  fn""  the  petroleum  of 
Ilangoun,  and  the  author  has  f^btainea  it  from  the  Ouachita 
coal  of  Arkansas,  at  the  rate  of  1-13  lbs.  per  ton.  Coals 
asphaltums,  bitumens,  petroleums,  peat,  and  other  sub- 
stances, aftbrd  para/Tuie  from  one  to  five  per  cent,  of  their 
oils.  It  i>i  most  abundantly  produced  by  the  distillation  of 
wax  with  lime. 

ParaHine  melts  between  110°  and  114°.  Its  specific 
gravity  is  0-870,  and  according  to  Lewis  its  formula  is 
C<«,  II  a,.  It  is  readily  made  into  candles,  and  in  a 
wick  it  burns  with  a  beautiful,  clear,  white  light ;  and  the 
candles  I'c  semi-transparent.  It  is  indift'erent  to  the 
strongest  acids  and  alkalies.  A  number  of  compounds  of 
carbon  and  hydrogen  have  been  confounded  with  paraffine, 
such  as  methylene,  ethylene,  butylene,  etc.  It  is  remark- 
able that  the  parafline  produced  by  the  distillation  of  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  materials  differs  considerably  on  some 
points  of  comparison,  some  having  a  higher,  and  some  a 


'ir? 


4  ■ 


I 


60 


PRODUCTS  OF  THE  DISTILT.ATION   OF  WOOD. 


!, 


Hi 


!i  * 


lower  melting  point.  These  differences,  however,  may 
arise  in  some  degree  from  the  amount  of  heat  by  which  they 
.aie  produced,  and  their  treatment  to  render  them  pure. 
The  greatest  obstacle  to  the  application  of  paraffine  for 
candK's  is  its  low  melting  point.  It  may  be  mixed  with 
ble.nchcd  wax,  which  does  not  fuse,  in  general,  below  154". 
The  cup-like  cavity  around  the  wick  of  a  pure  paraffine 
candle  is  apt  to  yield  to  the  heat,  and  the  melted  material 
overflows,  and  boars  with  it  the  name  of  "  sluty  Doubt- 
less there  are  improvements  to  bo  made  in  the  manufacture 
of  this  beautiful  article.  Paraffine  does  not  exist  in  coal 
ready  formed.  It  is  one  of  the  combinations  resulting 
from  the  interchanges  of  the  elements  of  bituminous  and 
other  bodies  during  their  exposure  to  a  high  temperature. 
Paraffine  burns  well  in  the  kerosene  or  common  coal-oil 
lamp,  when  dissolved  in  hydro-carbon  oils ;  but  in  cold 
weather  it  hardens,  and  will  not  then  ascend  the  wick. 

Cedrird  is  a  volatile  solid  which  forms  red  crystals  in  a 
solution  of  sulphate  of  iron.  These  cr^'stals  dissolve  in 
sulphuric  acid,  and  the  red  color  is  changed  to  blue.  The 
blue  tinge  j>roduced  by  reflected  light  of  some  of  the 
coal  oils  in  the  market  owes  its  origin  in  part  to  the  pre- 
sence of  ccdriret. 

Pittical. — When  heavy  oil  oi  tar  is  neutralized  by  potash, 
and  barytic  water  is  added,  the  solution  is  of  a  deep  blue 
color,  from  the  presence  of  pittical,  which,  when  pure,  is 
like  indigo.  Its  color  has  been  fixed  on  cloth,  but  its 
manufacture  has  not  yet  been  brought  to  perfection. 

Pyroxanthine  is  another  volatile  crystalline  solid,  first 
obtained  by  Scanlan  from  pyroligneous  spirit.  Its  crystals 
are  of  a  fine  yellow  color,  easily  fusible.  Its  composition 
is  represented  to  be  Q^x  H9  ^\- 

The  foregoing  are  the  principal  products  of  the  distil- 


PRODUCTS  OF  THE   DISTILLATION   OF    COALS. 


61 


lates  of  wood.  Besides  these,  tliero  are  others  which  are 
constantly  engaging  the  investigations  of  chemists.  They 
are  important,  and  in  time  they  will  probably  be  applied 
to  useful  purposes.  When  the  different  kinds  of  wood, 
the  different  chemical  changes  produced  by  different  de- 
grees of  heat,  and  the  variable  operations  of  re-agents  are 
considered,  it  is  not  surprising  that  this  division  of  chemical 
science  should  advance  so  slowly,  and  so  little  should  bo 
known  of  the  changes  matter  undergoes  by  seemingly 
invisible  agents.  The  identity  of  most  of  the  before-men- 
tioned products,  with  those  ,  ^suiting  from  the  distillation 
of  coals,  affords  much  additional  evidence  that  coal  and 
bitumen,  like  wood  and  turpentine,  have  had  one  common 
origin. 


■i       i 


PRODUCTS  OF    THE   DISTILLATION  OF   COALS  AT  A   HIGH 
HEAT,    OR  COAL  TAR. 

Certain  specific  spirits  and  oils  hnve  been  obtained  by 
chemists  from  coals  and  other  bituminous  bodies.  These 
spirits  and  oils  have  been  distinguished  one  from  the  other 
by  their  densities,  boiling  points,  and  other  characters,  and 
have  received  different  and  sometimes  very  inappropriate 
names.  From  coal  tar  Peckston  distilled  oil  of  tar  and 
spirits  of  tar.  Laurent,  Keichenbach,  Hoffman,  and  others, 
have  given  the  composition  of  coal  tar.  Wagenman  applied 
himself  to  the  oils  derivable  from  turf,  brown  coal,  and 
bituminous  slate,  from  which  he  obtained  photogen,  solar 
oil,  und  paraffine.  From  the  slate  near  Bielefeld,  En- 
gelbach  distilled  light  oil,  heavy  oil,  butyric  fat,  and 
asphaltic  fat. 

Mansfield  in  his  patent,  registered  in  1847,  describes 
alliole,  benzole,  tuluole,  cumole,  cymole,  and  mortuole, 


62 


PKOUUCTS  OF  THE  DISTILLATION  OP    COALS. 


products  coUcctod  by  him  from  the  distilhition  of  ooul  tar. 
Amonjr  the  oily  substances  obtaineil  by  the  distilhition  ot 
coal  tar  the  following  iuive  been  described:* — 

Boiizdlc C\,  n, 

Ciriii'nt',  or  cumole (.'„  Hu 

Toluolo,  or  toluono <-!u  11« 

Kaplitlmlino C.,^  11, 

Amlirufeiie,  or  paruimplithaliiie     ....  Cj,,  Ilia 

Chryscno Cw  Il« 

Pyrene Ciu  Uj 

Aiiipalinc. 

ACIDS. 

Carbolic C.,  H.  0.  II.  O. 

Rosalie. 
Brunolic. 

B  A    SK?. 

Ammonia N.  II3 

Picolint',  or  odorino ('ij  lb  N. 

Analino CAh  N. 

Leuoolinp,  or  quinolinc C,,  IT,  N. 

Parvoline ('1-,  Iba  N. 

Lutiiline C,  Ha  N. 

anil  otliiTs  not  yet  I'ully  investigatuil. 

Besides  tbe  foregoing  compounds,  derived  from  coal  tar, 
pheuyle,  pyrrole,  aniniine,  olanine,  cyunole,  bcnzidam,  etc.. 
and  otliers  have  been  described.  It  has  been  usual  to  sepa- 
rate the  co;d  tar  of  gas  works  into  two  2)arts,  namely, 
naplitha  and  dead  oil.  The  tar  itself  always  contains  mucli 
finely  divided  carbon,  the  quantity  of  which  is  augmented 
by  a  high  heat.  Both  the  naphtha  and  dead  oil  consist  of 
a  number  of  hydro-carbons.  'J'hese  cannot  be  considered 
as  certain  compounds,  as  they  are  liable  to  great  variations. 
The  nature  of  the  coal,  and  the  heat  ajiplied,  as  before 
remarked,  have  much  to  do  with  the  quality  of  tlic  tar,  cannel 

*  See  Gerliarilt.  Chein.  Or'jan.  vol.  Iv.,  p.  426. 


TRODUCTg  OP  THE   DISTILLATION   OF  COALS. 


68 


coiil  hiMtig  111  ways  mure  j)r(xluctivo  of  sj.irits  ami  oils  than 
coinnion  bituminous  coal.  Besides  these;  various  and  varia- 
ble products,  several  of  them,  if  not  all,  have  many  deriva- 
tives, formed  by  their  combinations  with  other  substances. 
For  instance,  by  the  action  of  chlorine  on  naj)ht!ialini>,  we 
have,  according  to  the  nomenclature  (jf  Laurent,  chlonap- 
tase,  chlonap^^w,  chlonap</.«',  etc.  By  the  action  of  bromine, 
bronap/«A<',  bronap^i^.sv,  bronajj^/se,  etc.  The  derivatives  of 
analine  arc  represented  as  chloranoline,  dichloranoline,  tri- 
chloranoline,  bromanalinc,  dibromanaline,  tribonuinaline, 
nitrodibromanaline,  etc.,  and  thus  i)ages  mighi  bo  fdled 
with  the  name^  of  these  uncertain  combinations,  a  sys- 
tematic arrangement  of  which  has  not  been  Cf)mpleted. 
Those  discoveries  mark  the  progress  of  (dieniical  inquiry, 
although  they  have  not,  so  far,  added  nmch  to  manufactur- 
ing or  commercial  interests. 

When  coal  tar,  and  especially  that  obtained  from  cannel 
coal,  is  submitted  to  heat  in  a  still  connected  with  a  proper 
condensing  apj)aratus,  it  is  resolved  into  water,  benzole, 
naphtlia,  and  various  heavy  hydro-carbonaceous  oils — char- 
coal remaining  in  the  still  if  the  distillation  has  been  carried 
on  to  dryness.  In  the  meantime  decomposition  has  taken 
place,  and  products  present  themselves  that  did  not  exist 
in  the  undistilled  material.  Of  these  products  a  ])art  is 
volatile,  and  another  and  the  largest  part  is  dense  and  not 
volatile.  The  former  may  be  advantageously  distilled  over 
by  the  aid  of  steam  at  the  temperature  of  212°,  the  latter 
by  super-heated  steam.  Manufactories  have  been  (.'sta- 
blished  where  the  coal  tar  is  distilled  down  to  a  thick 
pitch,  which  is  applied  for  roolingbuilihngs;  the  dense  oils 
are  employed  for  fuel  in  glass  works;  the  benzole  and 
naphtha,  after  being  nictified,  are  sold  for  dissolving  gutta 
percha  and  india  rubber,  for  varnish,  and  for  j)roducing  the 


64 


PRODUCTS  OF  TIIK   DISTILLATION  OF   COALS. 


!     i 


benzole  liglit.  The  houvy  oils  nbound  in  nnplitlialiiic, 
which  hn.s  not  yet  been  extensively  applied  to  any  uscl'ul 
purpose.  The  last  of  tl>e  distillate  frequently  contains 
paniffine  oil  and  paraflTine. 

Among  the  valuable  derivatives  of  coal  tar,  is  picric  acid, 
Welter's  bitter,  carbozotic  acid,  or  nitro-phcnesic  acid  of 
some  chemistfl.  This  acid  was  discovered  by  M.  Guinon, 
of  Lyons,  and  its  composition  is  stated  to  be  C,.j  11,,  N.  O4 
Oj  This  substance  is  obtained  by  ac^ting  upon  coal  tar,  or 
coal  tar  naphtha,  with  strong  nitric  acid.  Tt  produces  a 
beautiful  yellow  color,  which  is  capable  of  beinj^  fixed  on 
silks  and  woollen  cloth.  It  is  used  in  France  and  England 
as  a  dye.  The  yellow  stain  communicated  to  the  skin  by 
nitric  acid,  and  which  cannot  be  removed  by  washing, 
arises  from  the  production  of  picric  acid.  Analinc  also  is 
converted  into  a  violet-colored  powder,  which  has  been  sold 
for  $2r)0  per  lb.,  on  account  of  the  beautiful  red  and  purple 
dyes  it  communicates  to  silks.  Its  colors  are  permanent, 
and  exceed  in  delicacy  any  before  discovered. 

Benzole  (Cw  IT«).  Bicarlmret  of  hydrogen  (Faraday).  Ben- 
zine (Mitscherlich). — This  oil,  so  called,  although  it  is  rather 
a  8j)irit,  was  discovered  by  Faraday,  and  by  him  condensed 
from  oil  gas.  Mitscherlich  obtained  it  by  distilling  ben- 
zoic acid  with  hydrate  of  lime,  and  it  may  be  procured  by 
passing  the  vapor  of  benzoic  acid  through  a  red  hot  tube. 
It  exists  in  considerable  quantities  in  coal  tar  naphtha, 
from  which  it  may  be  separated  by  fractional  distillation. 
It  is  readily  purified,  by  first  washing  it  with  sulphuric 
acid,  then  with  a  solution  of  caustic  potash,  or  soda,  and 
final  distillation  over  lime.  Its  specific  gravity  is  0*850,  of 
its  vapor  2'742,  and  it  boils  at  186°.  Like  other  liquids 
distilled  from  coal  tar,  it  is  scarcely  a  distinct  and  separate 
product;  but  forms  a  member  of  a  series  to  be  noticed 


PROniTCTS  OF  TIIK   DISTILLATION  OF    COALS. 


66 


horoaflor.  neii/olo  holds  a  iiK^diiim  position  h(>tw<'on  alii- 
olt^,  3o  calloil,  and  naphtha.  With  chlorine  it  forms  chlo- 
robenzolo  C,j  IIj  Cl«.  Similar  comiK)undH  arc  also  formed 
with  bromino,  nitric  and  sulphuric  ncid-s.  It  is  itself  a 
Htartitjg  point  or  type  of  a  serios  of  hoinologou.s  compound.s, 
the  common  differenco  at  each  step  being  Cj  I  Ij.  These 
compounds  all  admit  of  their  hydrogen  being  replaced  by 
one,  two,  or  three  equivalents  of  chlorine,  bromine,  nitric 
acid,  and  amide;  finally  they  give  rise  to  ba.sea,  of  whi- h 
aniline  or  phenylamine  is  the  type.* 

It  will  be  readily  perceived  how  benzole  differs  from 
eupion.  In  both,  the  multiple,  or  increiu^ing  number  o. 
the  hydrogen,  is  two ;  but  as  the  benzole  series  starts  with 
two  equivalents  of  carbon  to  one  of  hydr(»gcn  and  eupion, 
with  one  equivalent  less  of  carbon  than  of  hydrogen,  the 
former  series  contains  the  most  carbon  throughout.  In 
making  the  benzole,  or  atmospheric  light,!  the  benzole 
requires  to  be  diluted  with  alcohol,  to  prevent  th(!  llama 
from  smoking.  Again,  eupion  alone  is  found  to  be  de- 
ficient in  carbon  for  that  purpose.  A  mixture  may  be 
made  of  the  two  liquids,  in  which  the  quantities  of  carbon 
and  hydrogen  may  be  so  adjusted  that  the  light  will  be 
brilliant  and  without  smoke. 

By  adding  benzole  gradually  to  strong  nitric  acid,  with 

•  Grogory,  Outlines  of  Organic  Chemistry.    London,  1852.     3d  e.i    ■     128. 

f  The  benzole,  or  atmospheric  light,  ia  made  by  passing  a  current  of  air 
through  benzole,  or  other  volatile  liquid  hydrocarbon.  The  air,  by  tiiking 
up  a  quantity  of  the  liquid,  burns  freely,  and  is  distributed  in  iho  manner  of 
coal  gas.  Numerous  machines  huvo  boon  invented  for  forcing  a  current  of 
air  through  the  fluid,  and  some  of  them  are  very  efBcient.  But  l)ol()\v  a 
certain  temperature  tlio  air  will  not  convoy  vapor  suflicient  to  aflbitJ  u  gf)od 
light.  In  cold  weather,  also,  the  vapor  of  the  bonzolo  condenses  in  tlio 
pipes,  and  tlie  liquid  itself  requires  the  application  of  heat  These  dinieulties 
have  so  far  been  insurmountable. 


4 


I  'ti 


I. 


n 


|!Hfe 


66 


mODlUTS   OF  TIIK    UISTILIiATION  OF    COALS. 


tlic  iiid  of  a  ^iMilK'  heal,  a  coiuik)!!!!!!  is  formod  which 
disHulvcH  ill  the  aciil,  and,  on  fooling,  colU'ctH  on  lh(!  sur- 
laco.  On  (Uhjtinff  the  mixture  with  water,  nitro-benzoh;  is 
precipitated  in  the  I'orni  ol'  a  yellow  oil.  This  oil  has  a 
sweet  taste,  and  the  ■  lor  of  the  oil  of  bitter  almonds.  It 
is  used  in  perrumery,  and  in  the  bakery.  lienzoK^  is 
employed  for  many  useful  purposes.  It  dissolves  the  gums, 
resins,  and  all  fatty  substances.  It  removes  from  elotli 
and  silks  sj)ots  of  tar,  grease,  turpentine,  etc.,  ami  i'or  those 
j)urposes  it  has  been  imported  from  France  in  small  bottles, 
which  are  sold  at  high  prices.  Its  rapid  evaporation 
rentiers  it  also  a  substitute  for  aleoliol  ;md  turjientine  in 
the  preparation  of  paints  and  varnishes. 

Cuinok  (Cij  ll,a),  when  treated  like  benzole,  its  ho- 
rnologiies  yield  a  crystalline  solid,  which  is  fusible  and 
volatile. 

Toluole  (Ci4  IIh)  is  another  oil,  analogous  to  and 
homologous  with  benzole,  it  boils  at  220"',  and  lujs  a 
speeilic  gravity  of  0*870.  When  treated  with  nitric  acid 
it  yields  two  compounds,  iiitrotoluole  and  dinitrotoluolo. 
DoviUe  obtjiined  a  scries  of  comi)ounds  from  toluole,  in 
which  the  hydrogtMi  was  rej)laced  by  chlorine. 

XaphlJuilim: — This  interesting  and  remarkable  hydro- 
carbon exists  in  almost  all  kinds  of  tar.  In  coal  tar  it  is 
very  abundant.  It  iloes  not  exist  ready-I'ormed  in  coal, 
but  results  from  a  high  heat  in  its  distillation,  and  an  inter- 
change of  elements  during  the  (.leeomj)osition  of  the  bitu- 
mint)ua  mineral.  Creasote,  or  carbolic  acid,  is  its  usual 
companion,  and  seems  to  add  to  its  quantity.  By  the 
repeated  distillations  of  coal  tar,  naphthaline  will  crystallize 
at  the  bottom  of  the  receiving  vessel,  and  may  be  separated 
from  the  oils  that  accompany  it  by  simple  ilraining  and 
pressure.     It  is  rendered  pure  by  agitation  first  with  sul- 


11 


I'UODlHM'rt  OF  TIIK   niSTII.LATION   OF    COALM. 


67 


pluirio  acid,  then  with  a  atronj,'  solution  of  caustic  Hoda  or 
poliusli,  and  dual  distillation  and  crystallization.  When 
])ui'(>,  naphthaline  is  colorless,  and  forms  bfautiful  flat  iirid 
lU'odlc-shapi'd  crystals;  it  evaporates  rapidly,  like  ciirnplior, 
and  ^ivcs  out  a  pix'uliar  odor,  unpleasant  to  some  persons, 
but  ajj;r(H'al)l(!  to  others.  Its  taste  is  hot  and  pungent,  and 
it  corrodes  the  skin.  A  soap  made;  from  it  was  considered 
heneficial  to  t\w.  complexion.  It  distils  with  water,  and, 
like  camphor,  sublitnes  and  crystalli/cs  against  the  sides  of 
the  bottle  in  which  it  is  contained,  and  opposite  the  light. 

Chlorine  and  bromine  combine  with  na])hthaline,  and 
lay  the  foimdation  of  a  gn^it  nujnbcr  of  (lompounds, 
which  are  formed  by  the  sid)stit'ition  of  the  chlorine  and 
bromine  for  hydrogen.  The  labors  of  liaunsnt  have;  beisn 
successfully  applied  to  this  incpiiry,  by  which  a  new  held 
of  research  hiis  been  opened,  and  tluj  doctrine  of  subslitu- 
tion  more  clearly  established.  Sulphuric  acid  (ixcrts  itself 
upon  nnphth.'dine,  forming  /n/j)o.sulpho7)ap/ifJ)ah'c,  hyposul- 
])/ion(ip/i(hic  acids,  etc.  Thus,  also,  with  nitric  acid  ;  but 
the  number  of  these  condonations,  and  the  great  length  of 
their  names,  nuider  full  descriptions  of  them  unnecessary 
in  a  work  intended  to  be  practical.  Naphthaline  is  worthy 
of  a  trial  in  medicine,  and  may  hereafter  prove  itself  to  be 
valual)le  in  the  arts.  In  its  unpurifunl  state  it  adds  to  the 
olfensivc  odor  of  the  oils  distille.l  from  coals,  and  incre.'uses 
the  cost  of  their  treatment. 

P<ira(}i»f  has  been  already  described  under  the  solid 
proibict,s  obtained  from  the;  distilliition  of  wood.  Its  yield 
from  the  coal  tar  of  cannel  coals  is  seldom  more  than  one- 
fourth  per  cent,  of  the  tar,  and  it  succeeds  the  naphthaline 
in  the  distillation. 

Andirncnic,  or  parannpJithah'ne  (C30  H,2),  is  polymeric 
with  na])hthaline,  and  is  obtained  from  the  heavy  distillates 


» 1 

i'.'ii. 


'4. 


W 


68 


VOLATILE  BASES  IN  COAL  TAR. 


of  coal  tar.  It  melts  at  850",  distils  at  898°,  and  crystallizes 
in  thin,  foliated  plates.  Like  naphthaline,  it  is  acted  upon 
by  nitric  acid,  which  produces  a  series  of  compounds,  oxy- 
gen taking  the  place  of  hydrogen.  Thus  we  have  hypo- 
nitrate  of  anceOiracenasCy  bi-hyponitrate  of  anthracenese,  etc. 

Chrysene  also  is  found  to  exist  in  the  last  divisions  of  the 
distillates  of  coal  tar.  It  is  a  crystalline  solid,  of  a  yellow 
color,  melting  at  456",  and  not  soluble  in  many  liquids. 

Pyrene  (C,j  II,)  occurs  with  chrysene.  It  is  acted  upon 
by  nitric  acid,  which  produces  a  number  of  derivatives. 
Chemistry  is  mainly  indebted  to  Laurent  for  the  discovery 
and  description  of  many  of  these  combinations. 

VOLATILE  BASES  IN   COAL  TAR. 


CarhoUc  acid, — This  is  a  colorless  oil,  which,  in  its  general 
characters,  resembles  creasote ;  and  by  some  it  is  believed 
to  be  only  a  modification  of  that  compound.  It  also  occurs 
in  the  heavy  distillates  of  coal  tar,  and  boils  at  380°.  Like 
creasote,  it  is  very  poisonous,  and  may  be  used  as  a  remedy 
for  toothache.  If  a  piece  of  pine-wood  be  dipped  in  car- 
bolic acid,  and  then  in  nitric  acid,  it  will  become  blue, 
which  finally  changes  into  brown.  This  acid  has  an  offen- 
sive odor,  which  it  imparts  to  coal  oils,  and  thereby  in- 
creases the  cost  of  their  purification. 

Picoh'ne  (C,j  II7)  is  a  volatile,  oily  base,  discovered  in  coal 
tar  by  Dr.  Anderson.  It  boils  at  272°,  does  not  discolor 
pine- wood,  and  is  probably  the  odorine  of  Unverdorben. 

Analint  has  been  termed  crystalline,  cyanol,  bemidam, 
phenylmnine,  phenamine,  phenatmde,  etc.  This  base  occurs 
among  the  products  distilled  from  coals,  and  those  pro- 
duced by  tiie  di'structive  distillation  of  animal  matter.  It 
is  also   described  as  having  been  obtained  from  indigo. 


PRODUCTS  OF  THE   DISTILLATION  OF   COALS. 


69 


The  author  found  it  an  abundant  product  in  the  tar  of 
stearine  manufactories,  and  the  oils  di.-iilled  from  shales, 
which  contain  the  remains  of  fishes  and  cruslacea.  Ana- 
line  is  a  highly  refractive,  colorless  oil,  of  specific  gravity 
1*020.  When  pure,  it  has  a  hot,  pungent  taste,  and  plea- 
sant smell.  It  does  not  act  on  turmeric,  but  turns  purple 
to  green.  With  bleaching  powder,  it  produces  a  purple 
color.  This  color  is  frequently  seen  in  the  coal  oils  of  the 
market. 

Nitric  acid  combines  with  analine,  and  forms  nitrophe- 
nisic  (picric  or  nitro-picric  acid).  With  chlorine,  it  fornM 
chhrophenisic  and  chlorophenasic  acids. 

LeueoUne,  or  quinoUne. — This  base  is  found  to  exist  among 
the  last  and  least  volatile  products  of  coal  tar.  It  boils  at 
460°,  has  a  disagreeable  smell,  and  neutralizes  acids. 

Lutidine  is  another  of  these  bases,  the  nature  of  which 
has  been  but  imperfectly  made  out. 


!'^l 


MM 


PRODUCTS  OF  THE   DISTILLATION  OF   COALS  AT    A  HEAT 
OF   700°   TO  800°   FAH. 

The  oily  products  distilled  from  coals  at  a  high  heat,  or 
those  produced  in  coal  gas  manufactories,  have  been  called 
tars.  However  incorrect  this  appellation  may  seem  to  the 
chemist,  it  will  serve  to  distinguish  those  coal  tars  from 
the  products  distilled  from  bituminous  substances  at  heats 
just  sufficient  to  expel  all  the  volatile  matter  they  are 
capable  of  affording.  These  are  oils.  The  same  descTip- 
tion  of  coals,  distilled  at  the  same  temperature,  and  by  the 
same  mode,  will  always  yield  the  same  results.  The  prin- 
cipal products  of  the  decomposition  of  coals  at  a  gas- 
producing  heat,  have  been  already  noticed ;  but  in  order 
to  obtain  the  greatest  amount  of  commercial  oils,  the  heat 


m 


70 


I'KODUCTS   OF   THE   DISTILLATION   OF  COi>  LS. 


applied  to  the  dit^tilling  vessel  sLould  not  exceed  800"  Fab., 
while  for  the  produciion  of  illuminating  gas  a  tenijievature 
of  1000°  to  1200°  will  be  required.  Nevertheless,  it  should 
ever  be  remembered,  that  to  >>,  Ice  the  greatest  quantity 
and  the  purest  oils,  different  <  oalt;  require  different  heats, 
some  of  them  yielding  up  their  t,,iy  vapors  more  readily 
than  others.  Therefore,  if  the  same  coals  which  produce 
the  before-mentioned  compounds  of  carbon  and  hydrogen 
contained  in  coal  tar,  be  dry-distilled  at  a  heat  not  exceed- 
ing 750°  or  800°,  the  products  will  be  different  in  quality 
and  quantity.  Instead  of  benzole,  there  will  be  eupion  ; 
naphthaline  will  not  be  formed,  and  if  formed,  the  quan- 
tity will  be  small ;  the  quantity  of  paraffine  will  be  greatly 
increased,  and  the  amount  of  creasote  or  carbolic  acid 
reduced  ;  so  that  the  purification  is  less  expensive.  There 
will  be,  also,  a  great  change  in  the  quality  of  the  oils. 
Instead  of  coal  tar  naphtha,  which  cannot  be  burnt  in  com- 
mon lamps  without  smoke,  on  account  of  its  being  sur- 
charged with  carbon,  there  will  be  a  large  amount  of  oils, 
with  fewer  equivalents  of  carbon,  and  admirably  adapted 
for  illumination,  and  also  denser  oils  for  lubrication.  The 
following  are  the  results  of  one  ton  Newcastle  cannel  coal, 
distilled  for  gas  and  for  oils : 


DISTILI.KD    FOR    GAS. 

Products. 

Coal  gas,  .     .     .     .  7"4oO  cub.  fl. 

Coal  tar,    ....         18^  gals. 
Coke, 1,200  lbs. 

Products  of  the  Coai  Tnr. 

Benzole, 3  pints. 

Coal  tar  naphtha, ...     3  pais. 
Heavy  oil  naphthaline,  &c.  9    " 


Total, 


.  122  cala. 


DISTILLED    rOK    OILS. 

Products. 

Gas, 1-400  cub.  ft. 

Crude  oil,  ....       G8  gals. 
Coke, 1,280  lbs. 

Products  of  the  Cnulo  Oil. 

Eupion, 2  gait. 

Lamp  oil,      ....     22')  " 
Heavy  oil  and  paraflinc,  24     " 

Total,     ....    48-5  gals. 


PRODUCTS  OF   DISTILLATES. 


71 


The   product  set  down  above  as  lamp  oil  consists  of 
several  oils  combined,  wlucli  will  be  noted  hereafter. 


PRODUCTS  OF  THE   DISTILLATES  OF  ASPHALTUM,  BITUMEN, 

PETROLEUM,  ETC. 

The  asphaltum  of  New  Brunswick,  now  called  Albert 
coal,  is  one  of  the  richest  materials  ever  discovered  for  the 
manufacture  of  oils.  Seventy  per  cent,  of  the  first  distil- 
late, after  purification,  may  be  brought  up  to  a  specific 
gravity  of  0*820,  and  burned  in  the  ordinary  coal-oil 
lamp.  The  material  contains  nitrogen,  and  therefore 
yields  ammonia.  It  melts  in  the  retort,  and  the  vola- 
tile parts  escape  at  a  lower  heat  than  those  of  coal. 
This  may  account  in  some  degree  for  its  greater  yield  of 
oils,  and  their  freedom  from  impurities.  From  it  naph- 
thaline is  seldom  produced;  and  although  parafline  is 
found  among  its  products,  creasote  and  other  compounds 
of  its  class  exist  but  in  small  quantities,  while  the  illumi- 
nating oils  are  abundant.  The  oils  themselves  belong  to 
a  series  which  contains  less  carbon  than  ordinary  coal  oils. 
They  burn  freely,  and  give  a  clear,  white  light.  The 
asphalte,  or  bitumen,  of  the  Dead  Sea  affords  much  oil, 
mixed  with  the  impurities  before  noticed.  There  is  pre- 
sent, also,  a  peculiar  volatile  oil,  which  gives  even  to  its 
purest  products  an  unpleasant  smell.  This  might  properly 
be  called  odorine^  although  it  does  not  agree  with  the  odo- 
rine  of  Unverdorben. 

The  bitumen  of  the  Pitch  Lake  of  Trinidad  contains  sul- 
phur, and  sulphuretted  hydrogen  issues  from  the  pit  where 
the  semi-liquid  mineral  is  discharged  from  the  et  rth.  By 
distillation  it  also  yields  a  whole  series  of  hydro-carbon 

6 


nl 


PRODUCTS  OF   DISTILLATES. 


m 


oils,  some  of  wbich  liave  been  called  nophtlia,  and  repre- 
sen  tod  as  Cg  II5  otlien'  Cgg  IIib  Tt  is  quite  evident  that 
bitumens  and  their  distillates  differ  materially  in  their  com- 
position, and  therefore  their  value  for  the  nianufaeture  of 
illuminating  oils,  or  for  gas,  can  only  be  a.«cert;uned  by 
experiment.  This  bitumen  yields  70  gallons  of  crude  (?il 
per  ton  of  2240  lbs.  The  impurities  m  its  first  distillate 
are  numerous.  Among  its  soluble  part.;  pyroxiifc  spirit 
and  other  products  of  the  distillauon  of  wood  have,  bc^n 
detected,  ;;^.^'ing  evidence  of  I  he  vegetable  origin  of  the 
pitch.  Ail  the  oils  'lislilled  irom  this  substance  havi  a 
most  forbidding  sn,,;!.  vhich  arises  from  a  volatile  oil. 
This  oil  bids  defiance  to  acii.is  and  alkalies,  indeed  the  lat- 
ter render  it  more  persi  il.\U. 

The  bitumens  of  Cu'>a  yield  I'rom  100  to  140  gallons 
per  ton  of  the  cnsde  oil.  These,  when  purified,  are  admira- 
bly adapted  to  lamps.  A  British  company  has  recently 
shipped  the  '  itumens  (chapapote  of  the  Spaniards)  to 
Kngland  for  the  .'nakiug  of  lamp  and  lubricating  oils;  but 
the  odor  has  followed  them,  and  presented  an  obstacle  of 
sigiiHioance.  Few  of  the  bitumens  of  Central  and  South 
Ameri'ia  have  been  tested  in  reference  to  their  composi- 
tion, or  value  for  hydro-carbon  oils.  Those  of  the  Iniled 
States  and  Canada  are  beginning  to  draw  the  attention  of 
Hianufacturers  in  reference  to  their  value  in  competition 
with  cannel  coals  and  petroleum. 

The  bitumen  of  Canada  West  contains  decayed  vege- 
tables, and  is  no  doubt  the  result  of  petroleum  that  has 
long  been  exposed  to  the  air ;  2,000  lbs,  yielded  109  gallons 
of  crude  oils.  From  this  crude  product  64  gallons  of  lamp 
oils  were  distilled,  and  also  18  gallons  of  heavy  oils  suita- 
ble for  lubricating  machinery.  It  differs  very  essentially 
from  the  bitumens  of  the  West  India  Islands,  and  the  oils 


PRODUCTS  OF  DISTILLATES. 


78 


y 


rcqiiire  careful  purification.  Tiie  great  diversity  in  the 
cliaraetcrs  of  those  substances  opens  an  extensive  range  for 
ehoinieal  research. 

Bituminous  sanils  and  clays  arc  found  at  many  sites  in 
Central  and  Souih  America.  These,  when  submitted  to 
dry  distillation,  afford  various  quantities  of  gases  and  oils, 
whieli  possess  the  ordinary  characters  of  bitumen  oils. 
Among  those  substances  may  be  reckoned  the  "prairie  ga.':! 
ston(>"  of  Illinois,  of  whicli  glowing  descriptions  have 
ajijx'ared  in  newspapers.  This  is  a  grey  limestom^,  with 
pores  and  cells  partially  filled  with  bitumen.  By  distilla- 
tion therefore  the  roek  yields  liydro-carbon  oils,  carburetted 
and  bicarburetted  hydrog(m  gases.  One  sample  of  the 
roek  gave  at  the  rate  of  18  gallons  of  crude  oils,  per  ton. 
The  bituminous  brown  coal  of  Ouachita,  Arkansas,  has 
already  been  noticed. 

All  these  oils,  when  ]iurified,  and  when  they  are  of  a 
specific  gravity  less  than  0*850,  are  extremely  fluorescent. 
When  frt'od  fnnn  acids  they  appear  yellow  by  transmitted 
light,  and  by  refiected  light  blue.  The  beautiful  hues  of 
the  rainbow  are  sometimes  brought  otU  by  frequent  distil- 
lations and  the  use  of  sul])havic  acid  and  caustic  alkalies^ 
by  which  the  illuminating  oils  are  fiwpiently  injuredv  U 
is  a  peculiar  feature  of  impure  ooal  v^^  to  ohnHg^  \nnW  W 
exposure  \o  the  air  and  Ix^lsi.^  l^h*  vH«iit  <N'>*^»e  from  the 
worm  of  the  still  perfrxMlv  cv^^^'Kx^  will  t«rn  j'ellow,  then 
red,  and  in  a  fow  ku-^  4^  vl«^vk  brown,  Sometim(\s  this 
change  of  color  K>gins  .^t  t^^  swrfavv  of  the  oil,  aiwd  pro- 
ceeds downwanVs  until  tho  x^hole  mass  is  discolo>\\i  This 
arises  from  t\w  oxidation  of  tiie  imjniritics  ^\\  the  atmo- 
sphere. Cha»!gos  of  i^s>Ior  also  arise  from  iht^  pnHlonviuanoe 
of  an  acid  or  »n  alksii  mi  the  oil,  wiiich  should  b<'  ^KM'foetlv 
neutral.     TW  purv"^  oils,  when  oxpased  to  the  direct  rays 


I 


74 


PRODUCTS  OF  DISTILLATES. 


ft] 


1 1:1: 

If:';! 


of  light,  will  vary  in  color,  according  as  the  diiy  is  bright 
or  cloudy.  They  j)ossess  photographic  properties  not  well 
understood. 

Petroleum,  or  mineral  naphtha,  is  generated  in  the  earth, 
and  issues  from  it  at  numerous  places  in  the  old  world  and 
in  the  new.  The  naphtha  of  Baku,  near  the  Caspian  Sea, 
is  nearly  colorless.  The  springs  of  the  Burman  Territory 
at  Yananghouiig,  upon  the  Irawady,  send  up  a  brown 
naphtha.  At  this  place  520  springs  yield  upwards  of 
120,000  gallons  of  petroleum  yearly,  and  no  diminution  of 
the  supply  has  been  recorded.  The  Barbadoes  petroleum, 
known  as  Barbadoes  tar,  the  springs  of  which  were  visited 
by  the  author  in  1818,  still  send  forth  their  oily  products, 
and  the  springs  of  other  West  India  Islands  and  South 
Aruerrca  have  not  failed.  All  these  tarry  substances  afford 
oils  W  distiilJaiiioij.^  same  of  greater  and  some  of  less  value. 

TW  pet'-      I    ■<  CM  the  gr*»ttt  Alleghany  coal  field  do  not 
ghwr-uhe  r  _  iitsmc.  of  Southern  naphthas,  but  a 

rriffrTcis!  il!\  ir-^leasant.     ^ n  general  they  are  of 

;t  rk  .v..  c.  or,  ;;,  appeaj-  ransparent  when  held 
;l_:  ::-i  ':i:rht.  Tin  \  vary  iim  tlioir  character,  and  espe- 
,..1.  ,    -^ «  cit^i,  gravities,  which  extend  from  0'814 

to  ('•  '  Tb*  mcMlts  by  'wcliiiich  they  are  to  bo  refined 
muse  ■cairT  amumdim^y.  THliie  denser  kinds  yield  much 
heamj  oirbonaiceous  matter  isitil  for  illumination.  When 
j>Mpei%:  parafied  tate  oils-  art  inoffensive,  and  burn  with 
great  brill iajucv. 

SVvme  of  1(  nr-s,  *hen  exposed  to  the  air,  evapo- 

rate rapidly  ii  A  I  iti  u  jijirk  bitumen,  others  resist  evapo- 
ration, and   -^ka  over"""  iike  Ijuseed  oil.     Their  oils  differ 


•  '  sHiii|>ie  of  mttve  ptiwrwiinmi  iTf>eivc(l  from  Dr.  Dnlo,  of  Allcglinny 
r, ,111  ,  I'll.,  will  fcukuii  froBi  u  -^nm:^  nwiicd  by  Lewis  Peterson,  Esi}.,  lias  u 
.-.pui 0  gravii}'  u.  >)'8l4,  auni  will  yiulu  iiiuuty  percent,  of  pure  laiiii)  oil. 


PRODUCTS  OF   DISTILLATES. 


75 


from  tliose  distilled  from  coals.  Tlicy  require  a  gioaUT 
heat  iu  their  distillation,  and  their  vapors  are  extn^inely 
inflammable.  These  petroleum  oils  usuallj  commence  to 
boil  at  160"  Fah.,  but  sometimes  at  a  still  lower  degree  of 
heat.  The  lighter  or  spirituous  parts  of  the  charge  llien 
begin  to  distil  oil",  and  as  the  heat  is  increased  the  heavier 
portions  come  over  iu  succession  untd  the  thermometer 
reaches  565",  when  paraflTine,  if  any  be  present,  will  begin 
to  a})pear.  It  is  therefore  extremi-ly  difficult  to  obtain  any 
one  specific  oil,  of  which  the  aggregate  is  compounded.  A 
thermometer  fixed  in  the  still  indicates  the  boiling  or  dis- 
tilling point  of  the  mass  at  the  time  of  observation,  and 
nothing  }nore.  P]ach  of  the  oils  composing  the  aggregate 
collection  has  a  dift'erent  number  of  the  equivalents  of 
carbon  and  hydrogen,  with  which  the  several  boiling 
points  doubtless  agree ;  but  the  exact  rate  at  which  the 
boiling  point  docs  increase,  according  to  tlu^  proportions 
of  carbon  and  hydrogen  present  in  the  several  oils,  has 
not  been  accurately  discovered. 

Laurent  has  given  the  composition  of  some  of  the  oils 
distilled  from  bituminous  schists  as  follows :— - 


Boiling  TointR. 
144°  . 
171°  . 
210°  . 
304°     . 


Carbon.  Hydrogen. 

86  14-3 

85  14-1 

8G2  13-6 

85  60  14-5 


St.  Evrre  gives  the  following : — 


Boiling  Points. 
520°  and  530° 

485°  "  500° 
414°  "  428=" 
268°    "    275° 


Carbon.  Hydrogen. 
36  34 

28  26 

24  22 

18  16 


M 


76 


I'UODLCm   OF   DlHTIl.LATKS. 


Candle  Tar. — Wlieii  the  tar  resultiiijj  from  the  inamifac- 
ture  of  stearinc  is  subriuttod  to  ilistillaiion,  it  soiuls  over  a 
series  of  oils,  tlie  ehief  number  of  which  are  good  iUumiiia- 
tors.  ParafTme  also  appears  in  the  latter  part  of  the  ope- 
ration. Frequently  there  is  tlie  production  of  much  aniline, 
the  vapor  of  which  produces  a  burning  sensation  in  the 
throat  and  nostrils,  and  is  very  unhealthy.  Tiiese  oils  are 
easily  purified  by  alternate  washings  with  sulphuric  acid 
and  solutions  of  the  caustic  alkalies,  with  final  distillation. 
They  are  of  a  light  orange  color.  The  lighter  oils  are 
colorless,  and  by  rectification  they  may  be  obtained  of  a 
specific  gravity  not  exceeding  0'680.  The  denser  oils  are 
superior  for  lamps. 

Caoutchene,  or  oil  of  caoutchouc,  is  produced  by  the 
distillation  of  India  rubber,  at  a  moderate  heat.  A  series 
of  light  oils,  easy  of  purification,  is  the  result.  The  vapors 
are  very  heavy,  and  dissolve  the  resins,  shellac,  and  amber. 
These  oils  have  been  represented  as  being  caoutchctie,  which 
boils  at  72",  Faradayine  at  96°,  eupione  ui  124°,  and 
caoutchine  at  330".  ' 

Gutla  Percha  yields  oils  nearly  allied  to  the  above. 

Peat  has  been  extensively  distilled  for  oils  in  Ireland, 
and  also  for  its  soluble  products  and  paraffiue.  Its  ordi- 
nary productions  from  a  ton,  when  worked  by  Reccis' 
patent,  are — 


Ammonia 
Acetic  Acid 
Naphtha  . 
Oils 
Paraffine 


0289 
0-207 
0140 
1-059 
0-125 


The  Irish  Peat  Company,  in  the  '  ounty  of  Kildare, 
obtain  from  every  ton  of  peat  three  lbs.  of  paraffine,  two 


PRODUCTS  OF   DI8T1LT..VTK8. 


77 


gallons  of  lamp  oil,  and  one  gallon  of  lubricating  oil.  In 
America,  where  the  materials  for  manufacturing  those  oils 
are  rich  and  abundant,  it  is  not  probable  that  peat  will 
ever  be  employed  for  such  objects.  The  coke  of  peat 
affords  fuel,  and  may  be  used  in  the  decolorization  of  sugar 


ti 

I 


i^   « 


m 


'ir, 


^mi 


78 


OXYOKN   OILS. 


CIIAlTEll  V. 


Composition  of  <iistil!o«l  oiU — Floinoloi^oiin  componnda — Ti\h\c  of  tlio 
Hftiiio. — CoinpouiHlH  of  Carlmii  mid  Hydrofoil. — (juhvouh  coiniiiunds.— 
nuuiuluguog  ubtaiuod  from  I'ual  tur,  cuul,  bituiuuu,  cauutcliuuc,  etc. 


OXYGEN   OILS. 


Before  entering  upon  a  deflcription  of  the  methods 
employed  for  the  piirilication  of  th*;  beforc-inention('(l  oils, 
it  is  conpidered  neeessary  to  give  some  account  of  their 
component  jKirts  and  their  derivatives.  Oxygen  enters  into 
the  composition  of  all  animal  and  vegetable  oils,  unless 
those  oils  have  been  submitted  to  distillation,  which,  in 
general,  removes  their  oxygen  nnd  changes  their  cluirac- 
ters.  The  oils  distilled  from  plants  with  water  are  known 
as  essences,  or  essential  oils.  They  seldom  contain  oxygen, 
and  are  therefore  called  hydro  carbon  oils.  The  volatile 
vegetable  oils  contain  oxygen  [)erhaj)S  without  an  exception. 
The  oils  distilled  from  the  bituminous  and  oleaginous 
substances  described  in  the  preee(hng  chapters  contain  no 
oxygen  when  they  arc  j)ure ;  they  are  composed  of  carbon 
and  hydrogen,  and  are  tlierefore  hydro-carbon  oils.  The 
greater  the  quantity  of  carbon,  in  proportion  to  the  hydro- 
gen any  one  of  them  contains,  the  greater  is  its  specific 
gravity,  the  higher  its  boiling  point,  density  of  vapor,  and 
tendency  to  smoke  when  employed  for  the  purpose  of  illu- 
mination. An  excess  of  carbon,  however,  does  no  harm 
to  any  oil  designed  for  lubrication,  but  rather  gives  it  con- 
sistency and  durability.  Regarding  lamp  oils,  the  greater 
the  amount  of  carbon  they  contain  the  greater  will  be  their 


OUOANIC  AND   ITOMOLOOOUS  COMPOrNPS. 


79 


illuminjitiiig  powers,  and  tlicrcforo  that  is  tlic  lu'st  lamp, 
which,  when  lighted,  will  decompoao  the  greatest  ninount 
of  carbon  in  the  flame.  It  is  to  the  equivalents  of  carbon 
and  hydrogen  contained  in  oils  the  attention  turns  as  to 
a  starting-point  in  this  inquiry. 


OHOANIC  AND  IIOMOLOOOUS  COMPOUNDS. 

It  is  well  understood  that  certain  series  of  organic  ei im- 
pounds occur,  in  which  the  quantitii'S  of  carbon,  hydr<><"vn, 
oxygen,  and  nitrogen  increase  or  decrease,  rise  or  tall,  in 
exact  and  certain  quantities,  or  numbers  of  t>quiv:il<'iits. 
Take,  fur  example,  twenty  volatile  acids,  as  jrivi'ii  ])y  Dr. 
Gregory,  and  with  a  general  formula  of  Cj,  llj  04*  as  fol- 
lows :-- 


1  Formic  acid 

2  Acetic     " 

3  rropylic  acid 

4  IJutyric     '' 

5  Vnleriiuiic  acid 

6  Caproic  " 

7  (Enaiithylio  " 

8  Caprylic        " 

9  Pelargonic     " 

10  Capric  " 

11  Margaritic     " 

12  Laurostearic  " 

13  Cocinic  " 

14  Myristic        " 

15  Benic  " 

16  Ethalic  " 

17  Margonic      " 

*  Handbook  of  Organic  Chemia 
Uon,  1852. 


=  0,  ir..  (), 
=  C.  Il.c, 
=  C.  II.o, 
=  C. IK  0. 

=  C,„lI,(i, 

=  (\.  n,,tt. 
=  c„  11,,  u. 

=  C,«  Il,„(>, 
~  C„  II.,  0, 

=  Co  H:„  O. 
^  Cn  IL.  (). 
=  C';^  11:,  0, 

=  C:„l  [,„<), 

=  c„,  ir..  Oi 

=  Cs,i  Hao  Oi 

=  C.„  H,i  0, 

=  Cm  II.4  0. 


Yy,  3d  edition.   By  William  (iro;^ory    Lon- 


80 


ORGANIC  AND   HOMOLOGOUS   COMPOUNDS. 


18  Basic    acid 

19  Balenic    " 

20  Behenic    " 

21  Cerotic     " 

22  ilelissic    " 


—  Cse  Hso  0,1 

=  c„  n,,  O4 


Here  we  see  the  quantities  increased  by  the  number  2, 
while  the  oxygen  4  is  constant. 

By  liis  able  and  ingenious  researches  Laurent  discovered 
a  law  of  substitution  by  which  one  element  is  replaced  by 
another,  according  to  a  perfect  and  harmonious  system. 
The  correctness  of  this  doctrine  rec  d  confirmation  by 
Dumas,  Dr.  Hoffman,  and  Baron  ^'  h.g,  and  its  opponents 
yielded  up  their  views  to  its  facts. 

"  Of  fifteen  elements,  the  equivalents  of  ten  of  them,  or 
two-thirds,  are  represented  by  whole  numbers,  that  is,  they 
are  exact  multiples  of  that  of  hydrogen,  the  lightest  of 
them  all.     They  are — 


'■  Hydrogen  . 
Oxygen      . 
Nitrogen     . 
Sulphur 
Bromine 
Iodine 
Fluorine 
Piiosphorus 
Arsenic 
Carbon 


"  If  only  ten  of  these 


=  1-0 

=  80 

=  140 

=  160 

=  80-0 
~  1250 

=  190 

=  ^2  0 

=  750 

=  60 


were  known  to  us,  the  law  would 
immediately  be  assumed  that  the  equivalenis  of  the  metalloidal 
elements  are  exact  multiples  of  the  equivalent  of  hydrogeny* 

A  series  of  tyjjcs  has  therefore  been  discovered.     Those 
types  consist  of  different  elements,  and  to  which   other 

*  Elements  of  Chamistry.     By  M.  V.  Rognault.     Vol.  i.,  p.  347. 


ORGANIC   AND  HOMOLOGOUS  COMPOUNDS. 


8L 


simple  substuuces  may  be  added,  or  replaced  while  the  ori- 
ginal type  is  preserved.  The  series  of  volatile  oily  acids  is 
only  one  of  a  number  of  such  series  already  made  out,  and 
to  which  thj  oils  distilled  from  oleaginous  and  bituminous 
bodies  must  be  added.  These  series  are  homologous.  Each 
member  of  them  differs  from  the  others  by  a  certain  num- 
ber of  the  equivalents  of  carbon  and  hydrogen,  or  by  a 
multiple  of  them.  In  their  properties  these  compounds  are 
perfectly  analogous,  and  only  differ  in  degree,  and  the 
difference  is  exactly  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  carbon 
and  hydrogen  they  contain. 

Taking  the  example  given  by  Dr.  Gregory — 


IS 


"  Pyroxilic  spirit  is 
Alt'oliol  is 


Oil  of  potato  i^ 


C,  H„  0. 
C„7I  0, 
C,  H,o  0.2 

Cio  Hia  Oa 


Then  the  alcohol  and  pyroxilic  spirit  differ  by  Cg  H2. 
Tlui  oil  of  potato  and  pyroxilic  spirit  differ  by  4  C^  II2. 
The  compounds  between  the  oil  of  potato  and  alcohol  have 
not  been  discovered. 

When  a  series  of  substances,  especially  if  derived  from 
the  same  source,  is  discovered  to  have  analogous  properties, 
it  may  be  presumed  that  their  compounds  are  homologous. 
Although  some  of  the  members  of  the  group,  or  linics  in 
the  chain,  are  undiscovered,  they  may  yet  be  obtained,  and 
the  perfect  series  completed.  It  is  only  a  few  years  since 
two  (jf  the  acids  obtained  by  the  oxidation  of  alcohol-  -the 
formic  (C^  II  O3)  and  acetic  (C4  H3  O3) — were  known.  Now 
recent  discoveries  have  filled  up  the  series  to  sixty  equi- 
v'almts  of  carbon. 

The  alcohols  and  ethers,  and  the  acids  of  their  different 


5' 


82 


ORGANIC   AND  HOMOLOGOUS  COMPOUNDS. 


series,  diflfor  by  C^  llj,  or  inultiplos  of  one  or  bct'r  of  these 
numbers.  Still,  in  all  the  members  of  a  group  there  is  a 
family  likene.ss.  Ileiv,  also,  the  boiling  point,  and  the 
density  of  the  va]ior,  are  governed  by  the  proportion  of 
carbon  present.  Ethyle,  methyle,  etc.,  have  their  deriva- 
tives. Each  of  these  derivatives  is  the  starting-point  of  a 
series  of  liomologues.  M.  Dumas,  Dr.  Gregory,  and  others, 
have  brought  to  notice  the  great  analogy  between  the  ele- 
mentary groups  —  chlorine,  bromine,  iodine,  potassium, 
sodium,  lithium,  etc.,  and  homologous  organic  groups. 
Every  organic  compound  belongs  to  some  series  in  which 
each  iiiiiividual  member  of  the  elementary  substaneos  is 
increased  or  tliminislu^d  by  certain  regular  and  fixed  quan- 
tities. The  fact  may  be  again  repeated,  that  the  oils  before 
described  sis  restilting  from  the  distillation  of  the  dift'erent 
oleaginous  and  bituminous  compounds,  are  not  each  a 
single  t>il  i>f  their  kind,  but  consist  of  many  members,  which 
form  u  series  of  oils  distinct  one  from  the  other.  They 
have  the  same  root,  but  ditfer  in  the  branches.  Each  mem- 
ber of  all  their  several  groups  contains  a  different  num- 
ber of  the  equivalents  of  earbon  and  hydrogen,  forming 
chains  which  rise,  steji  by  step,  from  the  solid  to  the  liquid, 
and  from  a  denst>  liquid  to  a  light  and  extremely  vohitile 
spirit,  and  fmally  to  a  gas.  Again,  each  of  those  members 
is  capable  of  forming  entirely  new  series  of  compounds, 
when  combined  with  other  elements.  As  regards  the  original 
oily  groups,  when  tlieir  components  of  earbon  and  nitrogen 
are  the  same,  tiieir  properties  will  be  the  same,  irrespective 
of  their  origin.  They  will  give  the  same  amount  of  light 
whcii  burned  in  lamj^s,  and  be  equally  applicable  to  useful 
purposes.  This  likeness  can  only  be  discovered  by  their 
.specifie  gravity,  boiling  j)oints,  and,  more  important  than 
all,  by  their   ultimate   analysis   by  the   chemist.     As   all 


ORGANIC  AND   HOMOLOGOUS   COMPOUNDS. 


83 


those  oils  are  capable  of  affording  light,  and  the  term 
"photogen"  applies  only  to  one  of  them,  the  appella- 
tion of  hydro-earbon,  or  lamp  oils,  has  been  applied 
to  all  that  are  now  consumed  for  illuminating  pur- 
poses. 

2S.S  the  oils  here  treated  of  consist  of  carbon  and  hydro- 
gen, some  notice  may  be  taken  of  those  two  elements. 
Carbon  occurs  abundantly  in  the  animal,  vegetable,  and 
mineral  kingdoms.  In  its  pure  and  crystallized  state  it 
constitutes  the  diamond.  It  is  the  chief  substance  of  plum- 
bago, and  frequently  forms  more  than  ninety  per  cent,  of 
anthracite  coal.  It  is  essential  to  the  organization  of  ani- 
mals, and  enters  extensively  into  the  composition  of  mine- 
rals, especially  the  varieties  of  coal,  bitumen,  petroleum, 
etc.,  and  all  substances  of  vegetable  origin.  Carbon  ap- 
pears also  in  the  gases  of  coal  mines,  as  carburetted  hydro- 
gen, or  fire-damp,  or  carbonic  acid,  or  choke-damp.  When 
organic  matter  is  heated  in  close  vessels,  volatile  substances 
are  expelled  ;  these  consist  of  cr^bon,  hydrogen,  nitrogen, 
and  oxj-gen  ;  the  residue  is  carbon  mixed  witli  the  ash — 
the  minerals  that  enter  into  the  composition  of  the  wood. 
Carbon  is  without  taste  or  sm(>ll,  and  insoluble.  It  ■■  -J'sts 
decomposition,  and,  when  buried  in  the  earth,  is  imperish- 
able. 

Combined  ^ith  oxygen,  carbon  forms  two  gaseous 
compounds,  carbonic  acid  and  carbonic  oxiue.  Car- 
bonic oxide  may  be  considered  a  compound  radical. 
It  combines  with  chlorine,  oxygen,  and  the  metals.  It 
is  a  transparent,  colorless  gas,  without  taste  or  smell, 
and,  when  inhaled,  is  fatal  to  animal  life.  This  gas  takes 
fire,  and  burns  with  a  fine  blue  flame,  which  is  often  seen 
on  the  surface  of  coals  burning  in  a  grate. 

Carbonic  acid  is  formed  by  the  respiration  of  animals, 


I 


84 


ORGANIC  AND  HOMOLOGOUS  COMPOUNDS. 


and  by  vinous  fermentation.  It  is  a  product  of  combus 
tion,  and  is  produced  artificially  by  the  action  of  acids 
upon  carbonate  of  lime.  It  is  a  colorless  gas,  and  so  much 
heavier  than  air,  that  it  may  be  contained  in  open  vessels. 
The  efTcrvescing  properties  of  wine,  beer,  soda-water, 
and  some  mineral  waters,  arise  from  the  presence  of  this 
acid.  It  forms  the  food  of  growing  plants,  a  part  of  which 
they  retain  in  their  structures.  Another  part  is  expelled, 
aiai  is  found  in  the  atmosphere. 

}hjdn>jen  forms  one-ninth  part,  by  weight,  of  w^ater,  and 
exists  in  vegetable  and  animal  substances.  It  has  neither 
taste,  color,  nor  smell,  and  is  the  lightest  substance  dis- 
covered in  nature.  It  is  nearly  sixteen  times  lighter  than 
oxygen,  and  fourteen  and  a  half  times  lighter  than  air.  It 
was,  therefore,  first  employed  in  floating  air  balloons.  A 
pressure  of  a  thousand  atmospheres  has  no  sensible  effect  in 
the  condensation  of  hydrogen  gas.  Sound  moves  with 
three  times  the  velocity  in  hydrogen  that  it  dof's  in  com- 
mon air,  and  it  refracts  light  with  more  power  than  any 
other  gas.  The  greater  the  quantity  of  hydrogen  present 
in  any  body,  the  less  will  be  its  weight,  or  specific  gravity. 
It  is  thus  with  the  hydro-carbon  oils.  Hj'drogen  is  also 
the  most  inflammable  substance  in  nature;  it  burns  with 
an  almost  colorless  flame,  and  great  heat.  The  ojtinion  is 
entertained  by  some,  that  hydrogen  is  a  gaseous  metal,  as 
mercury  is  a  liquid  metal. 

Carbon  and  hydrogen,  hydro-carbons. — Carbon  and  hydro- 
gen combine  in  a  great  number  of  proportions,  and  conse- 
quently produce  numerous  compounds;  and  as  both 
elements  are  combustible,  their  compounds  are  also  com- 
bustible and  inflammable.  By  some  these  compounds  are 
called  carbo-hydrogens.  At  the  ordinary  temperatures, 
some  of  these  are  solid,  sncXx  as  paraffine,  naphthaline,  etc. ; 


ORGANIC  AND   HOMOLOGOUS  COMPOUNDS. 


85 


)th 


others  are  liquid,  as  the  oils  of  lemons,  napbtha,  etc.  Two 
of  thera  arc  gaseous,  namely,  light  carburetted  hydrogen  gas, 
and  olf  fiant  gas,  which  are  the  roots  of  two,  if  not  more, 
series  of  compounds.  All  these  compounds  are  the  pro- 
ducts of  vegetables,  or  they  are  produced  from  the  decay 
or  destructive  distillation  of  organic  matter. 

Carhure.tted  hydrogen  (C,  Ilg)  mixed  with  atmospheric  air 
is  the  explosive  fire-damp  of  coal  mines,  and  it  frequently 
issues  fiom  the  earth  through  fissures  connected  with  beds 
of  coal,  or  collections  of  petroleum.  When  mixed  with 
twiec  its  volume  of  oxygon,  it  explodes  with  great  violence. 
If  mix(;d  with  about  six  times  its  volume  of  air,  it  also 
explodes.  By  this  mixture  gasometers  have  been  blown 
up  with  terrible  effect. 

Bi-carhuretted  hydrogen,  or  olefiant  gas  (Cj  H,),  mixed  with 
tlie  above  and  other  gases,  occurs  in  coal  mines.  It  is  also 
transparent  and  colorless.  It  takes  tire  readily,  and  burns 
with  a  white  flame,  giving  out  much  light.  It  is  also  the 
root  of  an  extensive  series  of  liydro-carbons.  Tliis  gas  and 
the  pivceding  carburetted  hydrogen,  when  pure,  form  what 
is  known  as  coal  gas,  now  extensively  employed  to  light 
cities.  Its  value  depends  much  upon  the,  quantity  of  olefiant 
gas  contained  in  the  mixture. 

The  light  produced  by  the  combustion  of  the  hydro- 
carbon oils  is  like  that  of  coal  gas.  It  is  from  gas  in  both 
instances.  The  oils  are  put  in  lamps,  and  inflamed ;  the 
gas  is  produced  at  the  top  of  the  wick,  and  decomposed 
instantaneously.  In  the  other  instance,  the  gas  is  made  by 
heating  the  coals  in  retorts,  and  storing  it  in  gasometers 
ready  for  use,  and  its  distribution  through  pi])es  and 
bun  d.  In  the  benzole,  or  atmospheric  light,  the  va})or 
of  the  hydro-carbon  is  conveyed  in  tiie  air  to  the  burner, 
and  there  burned  as  coal  gas.     The  fluctuations  in  the  con- 


86 


ORGANIC  AND  HOMOLOGOUS  COMPOUNDS. 


;  :  i 


densatioii  of  this   vapor  by  changes  of  temperature   arc 
impedimonts  to  this  mode  of  supplying  artificial  light. 

Homologous  series  obtained  from  coal  tar.    The  radical 
is  Cjo  II4 ;  the  multiple  is  Cj  lla. 


liolllng  point. 

Hpcc.  gt 

Cio  Hi 

135° 

C,a  II9    Benzole .     . 

.     186° 

850 

Cu  lis    Toluene      . 

.    237° 

870 

C.  H,o  Xylole  .    . 

.    288° 

Cifl  Hij  Cumolo  .     . 

.    339° 

Cjo  Hh  Cyniole 

.    490°* 

It  will  be  here  observed  that  the  boiling  point  rises 
26*5°  for  every  additional  equivalent  of  carbon.  By  the 
aC'.ion  of  chlorine,  bromine,  nitric  acid,  etc.,  each  of  the 
above  hydro-carbons  forms  the  root  of  other  distinct  and 
well-defined  series. f 

Homologous  series  obtained  from  the  litximen  of  Trinidad, 
distilled  at  a  low  heat: 


No. 


Carbon. 


1 

4 

3 

2 

5 

4 

3 

6 

5 

4 

7 

6 

5 

8 

7 

6 

9 

s 

7 

10 

9 

8 

11 

10 

9 

12 

11 

10 

13 

12 

11 

14 

13 

12 

15 

14 

<13 

16 

15 

14 

17 

16 

15 

18 

17 

16 

19 

18 

17 

20 

19 

18 

21 

20 

19 

22 

21 

Hydrog.  Spee.  grav.  Boiling  point 

only  partially  contlonsod. 

0-715  130" 

0-775  180° 


Embracihg  the  hydrocarbon  oils 
suitable  for  lamps.  Speiiilic 
pravity  of  the  whole  when 
mixed,  0-819. 


Paraffine. 

*  Generally  represented  as  do  IIn. 

f  See  Gresjory'a  Handbook  0/  Organic  Chemistry,  3cl  edit.,  p.  129. 


ORGANIC  AND  HOMOLOOOUS  COMPOUNDS. 


$7 


The  bitumen  of  Cuba,  Albert  coal,  bitvtminous  shale  of 
Albert  county,  the  petroleum  of  Virginia,  and  candle  tar^ 
product'  the  same  series  of  hydro-carbons. 

The  Heries  obtained  from  Breckenridge  coal,  distilled  at 
an  average  heat  of  780°,  was  as  follows : 


Ihi. 

Carbon. 

Uy< 

I 

4 

•> 

S 

• 

4 

1 

i 

6 

4 

» 

8 

i 

m 

10 

• 

m 

12 

T 

m 

14 

9 

m 

16 

0 

2& 

18 

LO 

m 

20 

2    Supposed  to  exist,  but  not  condensed. 


EniHracing  the  hydro-carbon  oils 
suitable  for  lamps  when  raixed. 
Spec.  grav.  0-819. 


Paraffine. 


A  coal  from  Kanawha.  Virginia,  when  distilled  at  a  heat 
of  900°,  gave  part  of  a  series  thus : 


No. 

Carbon. 

Ilydrog. 

1 

8 

4 

2 

12 

8 

3 

16 

12 

■A- 

18 

16 

Caoutchouc  was  distilled  at  a  moderate  heat,  and  the 
following  was  the  aeriea  produced : 


Ko. 

Corbon, 

Hydrog. 

,8  p.  prftv. 

Uoiling  point 

1 

8 

t 

678 

94 

2 

» 

9 

3 

m 

Q 

4 

11 

M 

6 

13 

n 

i 

14 

12 

Other  series  of  hydro-carbons  might  be  laid  down  ;  but 
the  foregoing  are  sufficient  to  demonstrate  the  existence  of 

7 


9  OROANIC   AND   HOMOLOGOUS   COMPOUNDS. 

a  system  which  cannot  be  carried  forward  to  perfection 
without  great  labor  and  research.  This  system  is  being 
gradually  extended  to  every  branch  of  chemistry,  and  ia 
bringing  the  science  into  a  beautiful  harmony  with  mathe- 
matics, and  its  kindred  study,  a.stronomy. 

To  the  manufacturer  it  is  of  the  firat  importance.  It 
teaches  him  that  he  has  to  deal  with  a  great  variety  of 
-compounds.  An  increase  in  the  degree  of  heat  employed 
itt  his  operations  will  change  the  properties  of  his  products, 
increase  the  proportions  of  carbon,  and  defeat  him  in  his 
objects.  A  temperature  too  low  will  give  results  to  disap- 
point him.  He  cannot  fail  to  observe  the  different  proofs 
at  which  his  oils  flow  from  the  still,  and  the  constant 
increase  of  heat  required  to  produce  them  in  tho  process  of 
refining  and  purifying ;  and  having  obtained  even  an  in- 
distinct view  of  the  point  he  would  reach,  his  skill  and 
experience  will  bring  to  him  that  knowledge  of  his  art 
he  desires. 


f':\ 


OXIDATION  OP  IMPURITIES  IN  HYDKO-CARBON  OILS.     89 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Oxidation  of  the  impurities  contained  in  crude  hydro-carbon  oils. — Action  of 
acids,  allcniics,  and  otiior  agents. — Sulphuric  acid,  nitric  acid,  pcnuunga- 
nato  of  potash. — Methods  of  purification. — Extracts  from  patents,  etc. 


I 


When  oils  were  first  distilled  from  coals,  few  attempts 
were  made  to  free  them  from  their  offensive  odors,  or 
remove  their  coloring  matters.  The  only  mode  practised 
was  fractional  distillation,  which  is  altogether  quite  inef- 
fectual for  that  purpose.  Although  the  oil  made  by  the 
Earl  of  Dundonald  in  1781  was  burned  in  lamps,  it  does 
not  appear  that  any  process  of  purification  was  practised  at 
that  time.  The  earliest  mode  of  purifying  petroleum  was 
simply  to  distil  it  with  water,  and  this  is  more  beneficial 
than  some  of  the  modes  practised  in  the  present  day,  by 
which  the  characters  of  the  oils  are  changed  and  their  illu- 
minating powers  deteriorated. 

The  great  number  of  impurities  contained  in  the  oils  distil- 
led from  coals,  whether  from  coal  tar  or  crude  coal  oil,  renders 
their  purification  somewhat  difficult,  expensive,  and  uncer- 
tain. The  varieties  of  coals  and  other  substances  employed 
to  obtain  h3?dro-carbon  oils,  the  fluctuations  of  heat  in  dis- 
tillation, and  varying  qualities  of  reagents,  will  ever  require 
the  care  and  skill  of  the  practical  chemist  to  overcome 
them.  Much  has  been  done  in  the  purification  of  those 
oils,  much  is  still  to  be  performed  before  they  are  made 
perfect,  namely,  free  from  all  offensive  odor,  and  free  from 
color.  The  great  difference  observed  in  the  qualities  of 
the  oils  in  the  market  arises  less  from  the  different  modes 


m 


90  ACIDS,   ALKALIES,   AND  OTHER  OXIDATINa  AGENTS. 

by  which  those  oils  nro  tuated,  than  from  the  propertiorf 
of  the  coals  from  which  they  were  distilled. 


pi 


R  •••  '1 


ACIDS,    ALKALIES,    AND   OTHER  OXIDATING  AGENTS. 

Acids,  ftlkalies,  peroxide  of  manganese,  permanganate  of 
potash,  bichromate  of  potash,  etc.,  have  been  unsparingly 
used  in  the  j)urification  of  hydro-carbon  oils,  on  account  of 
their  oxidating  properties.  The  object  of  chemists  has  been 
to  im})art  oxygen  to  the  impurities,  by  which  they  sepa- 
rate themselves  from  the  oils,  and  generally  fall  to  the  l>ot- 
tom  of  the  vessel  that  contains  them. 

The  oxidation  of  organic  compounds  takes  place  in  seve- 
ral ways.  In  combustion  atmospheric  oxygen  is  aided  by 
a  high  temperature.  If  the  supply  of  air  be  deficient,  as 
in  the  case  of  a  bu'-ning  lamp,  the  hydrogen,  from  a  greater 
attraction  for  oxygen,  is  oxidated,  and  the  carbon  of  the 
oil  appears  in  smoKi'  ..<.:  soot.  The  decay  of  wood  is  pro- 
duced by  oxidati  li,  iu  i  ulmine  is  the  result.  So  also  in 
some  of  t-\e  inipuritiot;  in  hydro-carbon  oils ;  their  combi- 
nation with  oxygen  jj^ives  them  new  characters,  by  which 
they  no  longer  remain  with  their  native  liquids.  Keagents 
may  be  applied  to  oils  that  will  not  separate  from  them 
until  exposed  to  the  heat  of  distillation.  By  its  oxidating 
properties  permanganate  of  potash  converts  .sugar  into 
oxalic  acid.  Bichromate  of  potash  diluted  with  sulphuric 
acid  converts  salicine  into  the  hydrupjt  of  salicile,  or  oil  of 
spirea. 

Action  of  sulphuric  acid. — In  general,  when  sulphuric 
acid  is  applied  to  organic  compounds  (and  such  are  the  oils 
under  consideration),  it  decomposes,  or  chars  them.  By 
the  aid  of  heat  its  effects  are  more  powerful,  and  it  trans- 
mutes starch  and  lignine  into  grape  sugar.    Its  action  upon 


iWsf 


ACIDS,   ALKALIKS,   AND  Ol'UER  OXIDATING  AGENTS.   91 


naplitluilino  and  other  compodiids  of  carljou  and  li  vdrogcn 
lias  been  before  noticed.  ParafRne  is  not  sensibly  affected, 
when  liMJlcd  with  sulphuric  ucid.  For  this  reason  it  is 
employed  in  the  puritication  of  that  substance,  as  it  abao- 
lately  bums  out  all  its  impurities.  Sulphuric  acid,  or  oil. 
of  vitriol,  is  now  universally  used  in  tin-  j)uririeation  of  coal 
oils,  by  which  some  of  their  impurities  are  <<■  erted  into 
tir,  or  rendered  soluble  in  water.     The  ac'  be  s(;pa- 

rated  from  the  tar  by  distillation.  This  aei  om- 

poses  a  part  of  the  oils  in  proportion  to  i      "  and 

the  quantity  employed.  It  is  a  powerful  j)uiiii  r.  It 
removes  one  kind  of  odor  and  substitutes  another  less  dis- 
agreeable. How  far  it  changes  the  characters  of  the  oils 
has  not  been  determined;  but  in  some  instances,  when  it  is 
used  in  large  quantities,  there  can  bo  no  doubt  it  produces 
what  may  be  called  su!/)Jiu-oiL^,  which  are  unchangeable  by 
the  use  of  alkalies.  Certain  it  is  that  these  sulpho-oils  aro 
quite  dissimilar  to  the  natural  oils  obtained  by  the  frac- 
tional distillation  of  coal  oils,  and  are  inferior  to  them  for 
the  purposes  of  illumination.  The  powerful  effects  of  the 
before-mentioned  acid  in  removing  impurities  from  the  dis- 
tillates of  coal,  and  its  clieaj)ues8,  have  brought  it  into 
general  use.* 

Aciion  of  nitric  acid. — The  operations  of  nitric  acid  upon 
organic  substances  are  very  numerous.  It  usually,  if  not 
always,  produces  one  or  more  acids.  From  gum  there 
comes  mucid  acid ;  from  indigo,  indigotic  and  nitro-picric 
acids;  from  stearic  acid,  margaric  aiiid,  etc.  Laurent  has 
clearly  described  the  action  of  nitric  acid  upon  na[)htha- 
line. 

Benzoic  admits  of  having  its  hydrogen  replaced  by  one, 

*  The  nvcrago  specific  gravity  of  conuuercial  sulphuric  acid  is  1  'bOO.  It 
sometimes  contains  nitric  acid. 


!'i 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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1.0 


L^|2.8     |2.5 

■^  Ki2  ill  2.2 


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1.1  l.-^l 


12.0 


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1.25      1.4      1.6 

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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


'^-  .^  ^'4^f4!S 


92 


PURIFICATION  OP  HYDRO-CARBON  OILS. 


two,  or  three  equivalents  of  nitric  acid.  This  remark 
applies  equally  to  eupion  and  all  the  lighter  products  dis- 
tilled from  coals,  petroleum,  etc.  All  these  compounds 
have  an  aromatic  odor.  As  an  instfince,  when  benzole  is 
saturated  with  fuming  nitric  acid,  and  water  is  added  to  the 
hot  solution,  nitro-benzole  subsides  as  a  yellow  oil  with  the 
odor  of  cinnamon.  It  is  sold  as  the  oil  of  bitter  almonds. 
Other  light  hydro-carbons  give  similar  results,  and  a  great 
number  of  oils,  useful  for  perfumery  and  cookery,  may  be 
produced  from  them. 

As  an  oxidator  nitric  acid  is  more  powerful  than  sul- 
phuric acid  ;  but  it  exerts  a  greater  action  on  the  oils  them- 
selves, changing  them  into  nitro  oils,  and  removing  them 
further  away  from  the  natural  products  of  the  material  first 
employed. 

Permanganate  of  potash  must  be  included  among  the 
materials  used  for  oxidating  the  impurities  contained  in 
distilled  oils.  Its  effects  are  feeble  when  comparctl  with 
those  of  sulphuric  acid,  and  its  price  is  too  great  a  draw- 
back on  the  profits  of  the  manufacturer. 


METHODS  EMPLOYED    FOR   THE   PURIFICATION  OF  HYDRO- 
CARBON  OILS. 


If 

I'; 


The  earliest  writers  on  the  production  of  oils  from  coals 
and  other  analogous  substances,  did  not  describe  any  very 
satisfactory  mode  by  which  those  oils  could  be  purified. 
Selligue  was  perhaps  the  first  to  supply  a  method  for  this 
purpose;  and  it  appears  in  the  voluminous  specification 
of  his  patent.*  He  commenced  by  agitating  the  oils  with 
sulphuric,  muriatic,  or  nitric  acid.    The  agitation  was  con- 


*  Specification  No.  10,726,  English    Patent  OfBco. 
Buisson. 


Translated  by  Du 


Mansfield's  process. 


93 


tinued  for  some  time,  so  that  every  particle  of  the  oil 
should  be  brought  in  contact  with  the  acid,  and  a  certain 
change  of  color  had  taken  place.  His  agitators  were  of 
peculiar  construction,  and  he  has  described  them  at  length. 
After  the  oil  and  acid  had  been  allowed  time  to  separate, 
the  former  was  decanted  and  washed  with  soap-maker's  lye, 
proof  36**  to  38°  Baume.  Thus  a  part  of  the  coloring 
matter  was  precipitated,  although  some  of  the  lye  was  sub- 
sequently permitted  to  go  into  the  still  with  the  oils. 
Fractional  distillation  was  also  resorted  to,  which  with 
variations  in  the  above  mode  enabled  the  chemist  to  pro- 
duce oils  of  good  quality.  The  specification  of  Selligue 
was  written  with  great  care;  but  his  operations  M'ere 
complex  and  expensive.  The  alternate  use  of  acids  and 
alkalies  forms  the  principal  feature  in  the  purification  of 
those  oils  at  the  present  time. 

Mansfield's  process. 

In  1847  C.  B.  Mansfield  of  Cambridge,  England,  obtained 
a  patent  for  the  •'  purification  of  spirituous  substances  and 
oils"  derived  from  coal  tar,  &c.  Of  the  products  of  coal  tar 
he  describes  five,  namely,  alliole,  benzole,  toluole,  cam- 
phole,  mortuole,  and  nitro-benzole ;  for  each  of  these  classes 
he  modified  the  treatment.  To  alliole  and  benzole,  he 
applied  diluted  sulphuric  or  hydrochloric  acid,  and  agitated 
the  mixture,  which  was  allowed  to  settle,  when  the  acid  and 
impurities  were  drawn  off.  The  spirits  and  oils  were  then 
agitated  with  water,  which  was  also  afterwards  removed, 
and  the  spirits  and  oils  placed  in  a  vessel  of  fresh  burnt 
lime,  and  finally  rectified  by  distillation.  The  toluole,  etc, 
wore  purified  by  a  similar  method,  except  that  stronger  and 
greater  quantities  of  the  acids  were  employed,  and  the 


Ml 

-'!■■ 

I' 

m 


m 


94 


YOUNO'S  PROCESS. 


number  of  distillations  increased.  The  specification  of  this 
patent  is  also  of  great  length,  and  directed  to  objects  foreign 
to  the  purification  of  the  oils  derived  from  bituminous  sub- 
stances. 

young's  process. 


\Wm' 


This  alleged  improvement  consists  in  treating  bituminous 
coals  in  such  a  manner  as  to  obtain  therefrom  an  oil  con- 
taining paraffine,  which  is  denominated  paraffine  oil,  and 
from  which  Mr.  Young  obtains  parafl&ne.  He  employs 
"  Parrot  coal,"  "  cannel  coal,"  and  "  gas  coal."  These  are 
broken  up  to  about  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg,  and  distilled  in 
common  gas  retorts  with  worm  pipes  and  the  ordinary  refri- 
gerators of  stills,  the  water  in  them  being  kept  at  a  tem- 
perature of  about  co'^  Fahr.,  by  a  stream  of  cold  water 
entering  the  worm  cistern.  The  retort  is  kept  at  a  "  hic 
red  heat  ;^^  a  higher  heat  will  produce  gas  rather  than  oil. 
The  retort  is  heated  up  gradually,  and  the  product  is  an  oil 
containiiig  paraffine. 

The  crude  oil  is  put  into  a  cistern,  and  steam  heat  applied 
up  to  about  lo6°.  This  separates  some  of  the  impurities, 
and  the  oil  is  run  off  into  another  vessel,  leaving  the  impu- 
rities behind.  The  oil  is  then  distilled  in  an  iron  still  with 
a  worm  pipe  and  refrigerator,  the  water  in  the  latter  being 
kept  at  55°  Fah.  The  oil  thus  distilled  is  then  agitated 
with  ten  per  cent,  of  oil  of  vitriol  one  hour.  It  is  then 
allowed  to  settle  twelve  hours,  when  it  is  drawn  off  from 
the  acid  and  impurities  into  an  iron  vessel,  where  it  is  again 
agitated  with  four  per  cent,  of  the  solution  of  caustic  soda 
of  specific  gravity  1-300.  Six  hours  are  again  allowed  for  the 
alkali  and  impurities  to  settle,  when  the  oil  is  again  drawn 
off  and  distilled  with  half  its  bulk  of  water ;  water  being 


d 


KEROSENE  PROCESS. 


96 


run  into  the  still  from  time  to  time  to  supply  the  quantity 
distilled  off.  The  lighter  oil  comes  over  with  the  steam, 
and  is  employed  for  illumination.  The  oil  left  in  the  still 
is  carefully  separated  from  all  water  and  put  into  a  leaden 
vessel,  and  there  agitated  with  two  per  cent,  of  oil  of  vitriol. 
It  is  then  allowed  to  settle  twenty -four  hours.  This  oil  is 
then  run  into  another  vessel,  and  to  every  100  gallons  there 
are  added  twenty-eight  pounds  of  chalk,  ground  up  with 
water  into  a  paste.  The  oil  and  chalk  are  agitated  toge- 
ther until  the  oil  is  freed  from  acid.  After  it  has  remained 
a  week  at  rest,  it  is  used  for  lubricating  machinery,  and  may 
be  mixed  with  animal  or  vegetable  oils  for  that  purpose. 
To  obtain  the  paraffine  the  oil  containing  it  is  brought 
down  to  a  temperature  of  30°  Fah.,  when  paraffine  will 
crystallize  and  separate  itself  from  the  oil,  or  it  may  be 
filtered  and  finally  submitted  to  pressure.  Again  it  is  agi- 
tated with  its  bulk  of  oil  of  vitriol,  and  the  operation 
repeated  until  the  acid  ceases  to  be  colored  by  the  paraf- 
fine, which  is  kept  melted  during  the  operation.*  What- 
ever may  be  the  merits  of  this  mode  of  obtaining  lubricat- 
ing, or  paraffine  oil,  so  called,  the  lamp  oils  are  of  a  dark 
reddish-brown  color,  and  of  an  unpleasant  odor.  They 
also  incrust  the  wick  of  the  lamp  in  burning.  ,  It  is  evident 
that  the  quantity  of  acid  employed  is  too  great,  and  by 
which  a  part  of  the  oils  are  decomposed.  In  the  purification 
of  the  paraffine  the  oils  are  charred,  or  burnt  out.  The 
paraffine  alone  resists  its  action. 


■1 

III 


KEROSENE   PROCESS. 


The  specification  describes  the  process  for  obtaining  oils, 
denominated  Kerosene,  from  "  bitumen  wherever  found." 
*  Extracted  from  the  patent  of  Jamoa  Youug. 


i 

mi 


IB 


96 


KEROSENE  PROCESS. 


■hi- 


The  Kerosene  consists  of  three  distinct  hydro-carbons, 
namely,  A  Kerosene,  B  Kerosene,  and  C  Kerosene.  The 
C  Kerosene,  or  that  which  is  employed  in  lamps,  may  be 
formed  by  an  admixture  of  the  light  with  the  heavier  oils, 
until  the  specific  gravity  is  raised  up  to  about  0*800,  water 
being  1000.  The  first  part  of  the  process  consists  in 
submitting  the  raw  material  to  dry,  or  decomposing  distil- 
lation, in  large  cast  iron  retorts  at  a  temperature  not 
exceeding  800°.  The  condensation  of  the  vapors  is  effected 
in  iron  pipes,  or  chambers,  surrounded  by  water. 

"  The  liquid  products  of  this  distillation  are  heavy  tar 
and  water,  or  ammoniacal  liquor,  which  lie  at  the  bottom 
of  the  receiver,  and  a  lighter  fluid  which  floats  above 
them."  The  heavy  fluids  and  the  light  are  separated 
by  drawing  off  one  from  the  other.  "  The  heavy  liquids 
may  be  utilised  or  disposed  of  advantageously ;  but  they 
have  no  further  connexion  with  this  process."  The  light 
liquid  is  submitted  to  re-distillation  at  the  lowest  possible 
heat,  in  a  common  still  and  a  condenser.  The  products  of 
this  distillation  are  a  light,  volatile  liquid,  which  accumulates 
in  the  receiver,  and  a  heavy  residuum  left  in  the  still,  and 
which  may  be  added  to  the  heavy  liquid  impurities  of  the 
first  distillation. 

The  light  liquid  is  transferred  from  the  receiver  to  a 
suitable  vessel  or  vat,  and  mixed  thoroughly  with  from 
five  to  ten  per  cent,  of  strong  sulphuric,  nitric,  or  muriatic 
acid,  according  to  the  quantity  of  tar  present.  Seven  per 
cent,  is  about  the  average  quantity  of  acid  required.  The 
preference  is  given  to  sulphuric  acid.  With  the  acid  and 
oil,  from  one  to  three  per  cent,  of  the  peroxide  of  manganese 
is  added,  and  the  whole  thoroughly  agitated  together. 
The  mixture  is  allowed  to  stand  undisturbed  from  twelve 
to  twenty-four  hours,  in  order  that  the  impurities  may  sub- 


i:'    ? 


;' 


h 


KEROSENE  PROCESS. 


97 


side.  The  light,  supernatant  fluid  is  now  drawn  oft*  into 
another  vessel.  The  distillate  is  then  mixed  with  two  per 
cent,  or  more  of  freshly  calcined  lime,  which  takes  up  any 
water  that  may  be  present,  and  neutralizes  the  acid.  The 
oil  is  then  distilled,  and  finally  rectified,  if  necessary.  The 
product  is  kerosene,  the  lightest  part  of  which  is  called  A 
kerosene,  and  the  two  succeeding  parts  B  and  C  kero- 
sene.* 

The  above  mode  has  been  much  improved  by  the  use  of 
steam,  introduced  into  or  above  the  oils  during  their  distil- 
lation, by  diminishing  the  quantity  of  acid  and  washing  with 
water.  The  latter  removes  much  of  the  soluble  impurities. 
The  A  kerosene  is  perfectly  colorless,  and  has  a  close 
analogy  to  eupion.  The  remaining  hydro-carbon  oils  are 
of  a  light  straw-color.  They  burn  freely  in  lamps,  without 
incrustation  of  the  wick. 

There  are  a  number  of  oil  manufactories  in  Germany. 
In  some  of  these  lignite  is  used,  in  others  cannel  coal.  The 
coal  is  usually  broken  into  small  pieces,  and  when  it  con- 
tains sulphur  it  is  moistsned  with  lime-water.  The  coal 
is  then  thoroughly  dried  in  a  furnace  constructed  for  the 
purpose.  The  dried  coals  are  distilled  in  common  gas 
retorts,  the  eduction  pipes  of  which  open  at  the  ends  oppo- 
site their  heads.  In  some  instances  the  flame  of  the  fur- 
nace is  not  permitted  to  strike  the  sides  or  upper  surface 
of  the  retort. 

Paul  Wagenmann,  of  Bonn,  Khenish  Prussia,  in  his 
patent,  states  as  follows : 

"  My  improvements  consist  in  breaking  the  coal  or  bitu- 
minous slate  in  pieces  of  about  the  size  of  a  walnut ;  and 
if  they  are  very  sulphurous  I  sprinkle  them  with  lime- 


in 


*  Extracted  from  copies  of  the  kerosene  patents. 


98 


wagenmann's  process. 


m 


water.  They  are  then  taken  to  a  drying-furnace  of  the 
following  construction:  A  space  by  preference  of  two 
hundred  feet  in  length,  and  twenty  feet  in  width,  is  inter- 
sected by  walls  of  two  feet  high ;  at  the  distance  of  every 
four  feet  these  walls  are  bound  together  by  arches  of  one 
brick  thick,  and  on  these  arches  the  coals  and  bituminous 
slate  are  spread. 

"  The  space  below  the  arches  is  filled  up  with  the  residue 
from  the  retorts. 

"  The  coals  or  bituminous  slate,  when  dried,  is  distilled 
in  retorts,  which  are  so  far  diflferent  from  those  used  at  the 
gas-works,  that  the  pipes  for  letting  out  the  produce  of 
distillation  are  on  the  opposite  ends  to  those  where  the 
doors  are.  Over  each  fire  are  two  retorts,  each  by  prefer- 
ence, of  about  eight  feet  long,  and  two  feet  wide,  with  an 
opening  of  five  inches,  to  let  out  the  produce  of  distillation. 
The  fire  runs  below  the  retorts  in  a  direction  from  front  to 
back,  the  fire  bars  only  extending  part  of  the  way.  I  pre- 
fer to  arrange  a  stack  consisting  of  eight  fires  and  sixteen 
retorts  around  one  chimney,  by  which  means  I  am  enabled 
to  lead  the  flame  from  one  fire  to  the  others,  and  by  that 
means  to  heat  the  retorts  by  a  graduated  heat. 

"  The  products  of  distillation  of  the  sixteen  retorts  meet 
together  in  one  iron  pipe  about  eighty  feet  long,  and  two 
feet  diameter,  which  is  surrounded  by  another,  so  that  cold 
water  can  run  between  the  two  pipes  for  cooling.  The 
gases,  after  having  passed  this  pipe,  enter  in  two  cylinders, 
about  twelve  feet  in  height  and  four  feet  in  diameter.  These 
cylinders  are  filled  with  iron  wire  chips.  The  gases,  after 
having  passed  the  cylinders,  pass  through  another  iron 
pipe,  forty  feet  high  into  the  air,  which  pipe,  to  regulate 
the  draught,  is  furnished  with  a  regulator. 

"  It  is  important  that  the  produce  of  distillation  should 


wagenmann's  process. 


99 


■I^ 


not  be  conducted  bo  as  to  produce  preseure  in  the  re- 
torts. 

"  The  produce  of  distillation  runs  into  a  general  reservoir, 
and  the  reservoir  is  so  arranged  that  the  condensed  pro- 
ductions will  have  an  average  heat  of  80°  centigrade.  The 
oils  separate  themselves  here  from  the  ammoniacal  water. 
The  ammoniacal  water  is  thrown  over  the  cooled  residue 
of  the  drying  furnaces,  and  mixed  with  it,  which  produces 
a  very  good  n)anure.  The  tar,  after  being  separated  from 
ammonia,  is  distilled,  and  the  product  of  distillation  is 
cooled  by  the  means  of  a  lead  pipe,  standing  in  a  cooling 
apparatus,  the  water  for  cooling  being  kept  always  luke- 
warm. The  product  of  distillation  is  divided  into  three 
qualities :  No.  I.  from  the  beginning  of  the  distillation  to 
0-865  specific  gravity.  No.  II.  from  0-865-0-900  specific 
gravity.    No.  III.  from  0*900-1 '930  specific  gravity. 

"  The  produce  No.  I.  is  mixed  with  sulphuric  acid  and 
hydrochloric  acid,  at  a  temperature  of  25°  centigrade. 
Three  hours  afterwards  the  oil  is  taken  off  and  washed 
with  a  solution  of  caustic  soda,  at  60°  centigrade  :  it  is  left 
two  hours,  and  then  separated  from  the  solution  and  dis- 
tilled. In  the  still  is  mixed  a  concentrated  solution  of  soda. 
After  the  distillation  the  oils  are  light  yellow,  and  give  an 
average  weight  of  0*815-0"825  specific  gravity.  To  cor- 
rect the  smell  I  wash  the  oils  again  with  sulphuric  acid 
and  hydrochloric  acid,  separate  them  from  the  solution,  and 
wash  with  concentrated  solution  of  soda. 

"  The  oil  No.  II.  is  treated  the  same  as  No.  I.,  but  with 
different  quantities  of  acids,  and  at  a  temperature  of  35°  centi- 
grade.   The  product,  after  the  distillation,  is  a  lighter  oil. 

"  The  oil  No.  III.  is  the  product  for  the  preparation  of 
the  finest  oil  and  paraffine  candles.  This  oil  is  treated  with 
sulphuric  acid  and  hydrochloric  acid,  at  a  temperature  of 


N 


n 


100 


waoenmann's  process. 


I- 


83°  cuntigrade,'  and  allowed  to  stand ;  it  is  then  separated 
from  the  acids,  and  washed  with  a  solution  of  soda,  at  a 
temperature  of  60°  centigrade,  and  distilled.  The  oil  con- 
tains paraffine,  and  is  taken  to  a  cool  cellar  at  an  ave- 
rage temperature  of  12°  centigrade,  where  it  remains  in 
iron  butts  for  eight  days.  After  this  time  the  paraf- 
fine is  separated  from  the  oil  by  means  of  a  centrifugal 
machine  and  cast  in  cakes,  and  pressed  in  a  cold  hydraulic 
press;  afterwards  melted  and  mixo'l  vvith  sulphuric  acid, 
then  separated  and  washed  in  watci  ;  it  is  then  heated  and 
cast  in  cakes,  and  again  pressed  by  a  heated  press ;  after- 
wards again  melted  and  mixed  with  sulphuric  acid  at  a 
temperature  of  70°  centigrade ;  the  acid  is  drawn  off,  and 
the  paraffine  is  washed  in  water,  after  this  it  is  melted  with 
stearine." 

In  some  instances  the  retorts  are  placed  in  a  circle  around 
the  chimney,  and  two  of  them  are  heated  by  one  furnace. 
The  gaseous  products  of  the  distillation  are  conducted  into 
a  large  iron  pipe,  upon  which  a  stream  of  cold  water  plays 
constantly  to  produce  the  necessary  condensation.  The 
uncondensed  gases  escape  at  the  end  of  the  condensing  pipe 
and  are  lost.  The  oils  and  other  liquid  products  of  the  dis- 
tillation flow  into  a  cistern,  whence  they  are  pumped  for 
purification. 

Having  been  separated  from  the  aqueous  products  the 
oils  are  submitted  to  the  purifying  process.  Some  chemists 
have  the  oils  mixed  with  four  per  cent,  of  sulphate  of  iron, 
in  cast  iron  cisterns,  supplied  with  agitators  worked  ly 
machinery.  Next  the  charge  of  oil  is  distilled,  and  for  this 
purpose  various  expedients  have  been  resorted  to.  Some 
distil  in  vacuo,  others  employ  common,  or  superheated 
steam.  The  latter  obtains  the  preference,  especially  for  the 
heavy  oils. 


n 


GERMAN  METHODS. 


101 


The  distillate  is  usually  divided  into  two  parts.  The 
first  is  permitted  to  run  from  the  still  until  the  specific  gra- 
vity comes  up  to  0"870.  The  spcond  part  embraces  all  the 
remainder  of  the  distillate.  The  first  part  is  then  ogitated 
four  hours  with  six  per  cent,  of  concentrated  sulphurio 
acid,  one-eighth  per  cent,  of  bichromate  of  potash,  and  one- 
half  per  cent,  of  hydrochloric  acid.  The  second  part  is 
treated  in  the  same  manner,  except  that  the  sulphuric  acid 
is  increased  to  eight  per  cent.,  with  one-sixth  per  cent,  of 
bichromate  of  potash,  and  one  per  cent,  of  hydrochloric 
acid.  After  the  acid  impurities,  etc.,  have  subsided  they 
are  drawn  off  and  the  oils  are  agitated  two  hours  with  lye 
and  steam. 

The  oils  are  then  distilled,  great  care  being  taken  that 
they  should  not  "boil  over."  By  this  mode  lamp  oils, 
heavy  oils,  and  parafiine  are  produced.  The  paraffine  is 
put  in  a  cool  place  and  allowed  to  crystallize  in  the  usual 
manner. 

At  Bitterfield  the  coal  is  broken  into  small  pieces  and  dis- 
tilled in  elliptical  retorts  eight  feet  in  length.  The  discharge 
pipe  is  of  large  size  and  opposite  the  head  of  each  retort. 
Pressure  upon  the  material  while  it  is  undergoing  distilla- 
tion is  avoided  as  much  as  possible.  The  purification  con- 
sists in  the  alternate  use  of  acids  and  solutions  of  caustic 
alkalies. 

Dr.  Vohl,  of  Bonn,  commences  the  distillation  of  paper 
coal  at  a  low  heat,  which  is  gradually  raised  up  to  a  red 
heat,  and  he  remarks  that  slates  containing  twenty-five  per 
cent,  of  water  yielded  the  largest  amount  of  oil.  The 
author  has  observed  the  same  fact  in  the  distillation  of  bitu- 
minous shales  imported  to  New  York  from  Pictou,  Nova 
Scotia.  When  the  retorts  are  first  charged  with  those 
shales,  steam  is  generated  from  the  water  contained  in  them. 


I'll 


102 


uboohan's  patent. 


.1 


■I 


With  the  Htcam  Borao  of  the  lighter  oils  arc  distilled  over, 
and  with  it  condense.  The  effect  is  quite  similar  to  that 
produced  by  admitting  steam  into  the  retort  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  decomposing  distillation.  In  both  in- 
stances the  quantity  of  oils  is  increased. 

Broomari's  Patent. — Among  the  lists  of  patents  for  the 
purification  of  hydro-carbon  oils,  this  patent,  which  is  dated 
London,  February  28,  1866,  has  been  overlooked,  with 
several  others  of  equal  importance.  The  patent  is  for 
"improvements  in  treating  bituminous  shale.  Boghead 
mineral,  and  other  like  schistose  bodies,  in  order  to  obtain 
various  commercial  products  therefrom." 

The  schistose  bodies  are  first  decomposed  in  common 
retorts.  The  receiver  is  placed  at  some  distance  from  the 
retorts,  and  receives  through  pijies  a  part  of  the  gas  gene- 
rated in  them.  Condensation  is  effected  in  refrigerating 
pipes  kept  cool  by  water.  The  oils  are  treated  in  agita- 
tors, or  purifiers  with  sulphuric  acid  and  caustic  soda,  and 
then  distilled  over  again.  The  light  oils  are  separated  from 
the  heavy  for  illuminating  purposes  by  distilling  them  down 
to  proof  82*  (Cray  Lussac's  Areometer),  all  that  remains  is 
separated  from  the  paraffine.  For  this  purpose  the  heavy 
oil  is  placed  in  refrigerators  with  double  bottoms  and 
exposed  to  a  low  temperature,  by  which  the  paraffine  is 
separated.  The  remainder  is  gathered  into  bags  and  sub- 
jected to  pressure,  to  remove  whatever  oil  it  may  contain.* 
The  products  represented  as  b^ing  obtained  by  this  mode 
are— 

"  1.  Essential  oil. 

"  2.  An  oil  fox  lighting  purposes. 

"  3.  A  fatty,  unctuous  oil,  for  lubricating  machinery. 

"  4.  A  liquid  tar,  for  lubricating  purposes. 


•  Journal  of  Gaa  Lighting  (London),  Sept.  16,  1866. 


IJOUMKUS   TATKNT. 


108 


"5.  A  fiolkl  tar. 

"6.  A  '  bluck/  which  may  bo  viaeil  in  tho  nuviiufiicture 
of  printcrh'  ink. 

"  7.  A  '  l)l;mk/  haviiij^  tiic  proportios  of  luiimul  black. 

"8.  runilUno. 

"  1).  Ammoniacul  water,  containing  six  per  cent,  of  liquid 
ammoni;i." 

There  is  some  obscurity  in  tlit»  spocillcation  of  liiis  patent; 
still  the  practical  nianul'ucturer  will  roailily  umlorstand, 
from  the  above,  the  luiture  of  tho  ))n)cosi}  employed. 

liodiiicr^s  patent  iHihdL'd  London,  February  4tli,  1856.* 

''  Tars  are  taken  which  have  been  produced  by  tho  dis- 
tillation of  coal  at  a  lii'jh  ti'inpfraturo,  au(Oi  as  are  made  in 
the  manufacfure  of  coal  gas.  This  tar,  beini?  the  cheapest 
at  pri'sent,  is  therefore  preferred;  but  tars  produced  in  a 
similar  nuinner,  at  a  high  temperature,  from  shale,  peat, 
wood,  and  from  bones,  or  other  animal  substances,  will 
answer  tho  purpose.  These  tars  nvo  placed  in  an  ordinarv 
still,  into  which  tiie  bulb  of  a  thermometer  is  i)Iaeeil,  and 
connected  with  a  worm  immersed  in  water;  this  water  is 
kept  regularly  at  a  temperature  of  between  dU"  and  80° 
Fah.,  throughout  all  the  distillations.  The  heat  of  tho  still 
is  raised  by  fire ;  and  when  the  thermometer  in  it  lises  to 
300°  Fall.,  the  instrument  is  n'moved,  and  tho  products  of 
distilhiti(tn  above  'JOO''  arc  run  into  another  vessel,  and 
kept  separate  from  the  ]U'oiluets  of  distillation  below  300^. 
The  latter  are  rejected  as  unlit  for  the  purpose.  The  tar  is 
distilled  to  dryness,  which  is  known  to  have  taken  place 
when  i)roducts  cease  to  run  from  the  condenser,  the  heat 
being  always  kept  up.''  "The  oil  obtained  from  liie  coal 
tar  is  purified  as  follows:  This  oil  is  put  into  a  leaden 
tank,  and  to  each  live  hundred  gallons  is  added  ten  gallons 
♦  Journal  of  Gac-Lijhting  (London). 


f 


I 


%i 


104 


bodmer's  patent. 


i 


I -if 

]    t  I' 


'  *" 


of  commercial  brown  sulphuric   acid,   of   strength   I4O' 
Twaddle,  or  about  700  specific  gravity,  and  they  are  well 
agitated  together  for  one  hour.     The  vitriol  is  allowed  to 
subside,  which  will  take  place  in  ten  or  twelve  hours,  and 
is  drawn  off  by  a  stop-cock  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the 
tank.     Another  ten   gallons  of  brown  sulphuric   acid  is 
then  added  to  each  five  hundred  gallons  of  the  oil,  and 
agitated  for  four  hours.     The  oil,  after  subsidence,  is  re- 
moved to  an  iron  vessel,  and  to  each  hundred  gallons  is 
added  ten  gallons  of  a  solution  of  caustic  soda,  marking 
70°  Twaddle,  or  weighing  13^  lbs.  to  the  gallon.     These 
are  agitated  together  thoroughly  for  ten  or  twelve  hours ; 
and  it  is  preferred  to  keep  the  temperature  of  the  oil  in  this 
tank  up  to  80°  Fah.,  both  during  the  agitation  with  the 
caustic  soda  and  afterwards,  for  ten  or  twelve  hours.    The 
clear  oil  is  then  removed  into  a  still,  and  to  each  hun- 
dred gallons  is  added   about  20  lbs.  of  the  soda  ash  of 
commerce,  20  lbs.   of  slaked    lime,   and    four  gallons  of 
water,  or  40  lbs.  of  caustic  solution  of  soda,  marking  70° 
Twaddle — or  by  measure,  three  gallons,  weighing  13^  lbs. 
to  the  gallon,  arc  taken  for  each  hundred  gallons  of  oil  put 
into  the  still,  and  heat  is  applied.     In  general,  no  oil  will 
come  over  until  the  heat  of  the  still  has  reached  300°  Fah. ; 
but  if   any  should  come  below   this   temperature,  it  is 
rejected.     When  about  eighty  per  cent,  of  the  oil  put  into 
the  still  has  been  obtained,  the  process  is  stopped.    The 
product  of  distillation   is  the  improved  lubricating  oil, 
which  is  named  '  new  tar  oil.'     It  may  be  used  either  by 
itself  or  mixed  with  other  oils,  fats,  greases,  and  soaps." 

P.  G.  Barry  places  the  oils  in  wooden  tanks  lined  with 
lead.  In  these  tanks  the  oils  are  agitated  with  five  per 
cent,  of  tliflr  weight  of  sulphuric  acid,  during  a  period  of 
three  hours.     After  the  acid  and  impurities  have  settled. 


BANCROFTS   PATENT. 


105 


the  oils  are  drawn  off  into  a  second  purifying  vessel,  and 
there  agitated  with  five  per  cent,  of  their  weight  of  caustic 
alkali,  or  with  lime  water  sufficient  to  remove  all  the  acid 
present  in  them.  After  the  alkaline  mixture  has  subsided 
the  oils  are  again  distilled. 

Bancroft  obtained  an  English  patent  for  the  distillation  of 
hydro-carbon  oils  from  the  petroleum  of  Burmah.  He 
admits  high  pressure  steam  at  fifty  lbs.  to  the  square  inch 
into  his  stills,  and  places  a  fire  beneath  them  until  all  the 
cupion  is  distilled  over.  This  part  of  the  distillate  being 
removed,  the  fire  beneath  the  still  is  increased,  and  the 
steam  forced  on,  until  about  ninety  per  cent,  of  the  charge 
is  distilled  off.  At  the  close  of  the  operation  much  paraf- 
fine  appears,  which  renders  it  necessary  that  the  condensing 
pipes  should  bo  kept  at  a  temperature  not  less  than  90*^ 
Fah.  In  several  instances  the  cooling  down  of  the  con- 
densing apparatus  has  led  to  the  bursting  of  the  still. 

A  process  is  recorded  in  Lc  Genie  Industriel,  and  repre- 
sented as  being  the  invention  of  Messrs.  Dumoulin  & 
Cotelle,  by  which  the  heavy  coal  oils  are  made  to  burn  in 
lamps  without  smoke  or  odor.  In  a  close  vessel  they 
place  one  liundred  lbs.  of  crude  coal  oil,  twenty-five  quarts 
of  water,  one  lb.  of  the  chloride  of  lime,  and  one  half  lb. 
oxide  of  manganese.  The  mixture  is  thoroughly  agitated. 
After  a  repose  of  twenty-four  hours  the  clear  oil  is  decanted 
and  distilled.  Next  the  one  hundred  lbs.  of  coal  oil  are 
mixed  with  twenty-five  lbs.  of  rosin  oil,  and  this  is  con- 
sidered the  best  part  of  their  modt\  This  last  mixture  may 
be  distilled  if  necessary.  From  the  high  per  ceiitage  of 
carbon  in  the  heavy  coal  oil,  and  also  in  the  rosin  oil,  it 
will  appear  theoretically  that  this  mixture  cannot  burn 
without  smoking  in  any  of  the  ordinary  coal  oil  lamps,  and 
this  is  found  to  be  ^he  fact  in  practice.     In  an  argand  lamp 


n 


% 


106 


NUMBER  OF   PATENTS. 


II:  |! 

1: 


[Is  1 


witb  a  sbort-toppcd  wick,  and  a  button  over  tbo  inner  air 
tube,  or  in  tbe  campbene  bunp,  tbe  above  oil  will  burn 
witb  a  sbort  flame  and  brilliant  ligbt,  and  so  also  will  tbe 
rosin  oil,  or  tbe  beavy  oil,  mixed  or  unmixed  ;  but  tbose 
lamps  are  rapidly  falling  into  disuse,  benig  sup})lanted  by 
the  kerosene,  or  coal  oil  lamp. 

It  bas  been  already  stated  tbat  upwards  of  one  bundred 
patents  bave  been  granted  for  alleged  new  metbods  of 
manufacturing  and  rectifying  oils  distilled  from  coals  and 
otber  bituminous  mineral  substances  ;  and  upwards  of  forty 
patents  bave  been  issued  for  retorts  and  otber  apparatus  con- 
nected witb  tbis  brancb  of  industry.  A  description  of  tbe 
various  metbods  and  similarities  of  operation,  witb  tbe 
extraordinary  and  unpbilosopbical  fancies  set  fortb  in  some 
of  tbose  patents,  would  not  interest  tbe  practical  man  nor 
tbe  general  reader.  Tbe  extracts  drawn  from  tbe  foregoing 
patents  bave  tborefore  been  deemed  sulfieient  for  tbis  brief 
tecbnological  treatise,  and  to  direct  tbe  manufacturer  of  oils 
to  tbe  valuable  discoveries  now  placed  at  bis  band. 

Tbe  preceding  part  of  tbis  cbaj^ter  will  bave  sbown  tbat 
upon  a  few  leading,  and,  as  it  is  supposed,  essential  o])era- 
lions,  all  tbe  patentees  appear  to  agree.  Upon  non-essen- 
tials tbey  differ  as  widely  as  persons  do  in  matters  of  far 
liigbcr  importance. 

It  is  conceded  at  tbe  present  time — 

1st,  Tbat  tbe  crude  coal,  or  otber  material,  must  first  be 
submitted  to  dry,  or  decomposing  distillation,  and  tbat  a 
moderate  degree  of  beat  will  proilnce  more  and  better  oils 
tlian  a  bigb  temperature. 

2d,  Tbat  tbe  use  of  a  strong  acid  is  necessary  in  tbe  puri- 
fication of  sucb  oils. 

8d,  Tbat  tbe  acid  must  be  succeeded  by  tbo  use  of  an 
alkali. 


MODE  OF   MANUFACTLitC. 


107 


4th,  Tluxt  it  is  necessary  to  distil  the  oils  after  the  use  of 
the  acid  and  alkali. 

It  will  be  perceived  by  the  foregoing  extracts,  from 
patents  for  the  manufacture  and  purifu-atiou  of  oils,  that 
distillation,  acids,  and  alkalies,  form  the  basis  of  every 
alleged  invention ;  but  upon  the  quantities,  the  modes  of 
application,  and  the  minor  details  of  working,  there  is  much 
disagreement ;  and  persons  unskilled  in  chemical  science 
have  frequently  introduced  some  peculiar  mode  in  the 
application  of  those  agents,  to  give  novelty  to  their  patents, 
or  to  satisfy  their  employers  of  their  superior  skill. 

The  oils  from  different  coals  require  different  treatment. 
The  oils  of  Albert  coal  (asphaltum),  Bogliead  and  Breck- 
enridge  coal  are  easily  purified ;  while  the  oils  from  the 
ordinary  American,  English,  and  Scotch  cannels,  require 
more  skill,  and  cost  more  to  bring  them  up  to  a  fair  stan- 
dard among  the  hydro-carbons  sold  in  the  market. 

The  author  has  made  more  than  two  thousand  experi- 
ments in  reference  to  the  manufacture  and  purification  of 
oils  distilled  from  coal,  petroleum,  and  other  materials. 
From  long  practice,  and  the  imi^irovements  introduced  by 
others,  ho  ventures  to  lay  the  following  plan  before  his 
readers,  as  being  generally  applicable  to  the  distilled  oils  of 
coal  and  bitumen.  Petroleum  will  be  ndticed  in  the  sequel. 
Eegarding  the  purification  of  those  oils,  the  present  is  the 
age  of  experiment.  Improvements  arc  constantly  advanc- 
ing, and  some  time  may  elapse  before  their  manufacture 
is  brought  to  perfection,  and  the  distilled  hydro-carbon  oils 
attain  that  commercial  and  economic  value  they  are  destined 
to  reach. 


H 


H 


f 


w 


108      DISTILLERY    FOR   COAL   AKD   TETROLKUM   OILS. 


CITAPTEE  VII. 

Buildings  nnd  Mnchiiicry.  —  lletliod  i]}  Mniiufacturing  and  rurifying  the 
Oils  distilled  from  Coiils  nnd  otlier  Ritnniinoiis  Substances,  nnd  the  Pro- 
ducts derived  tliercCrom. — Distilling  by  Steam.— Continual  Distillation. — 
rarnffino. — Lubricating  Oils. 


w% 


1^ 


^1: 


DISTILLERY   FOR   COAL   AND   PETROLEL'M   OILS. 

Before  any  suggestions  are  made  in  reference  to  a  proper 
mode  of  manufacturing  and  purifying  the  liydro-carbon 
oils,  the  construction  and  arrangement  of  the  manufactory 
itself  require  some  notice.  It  is  very  desirable,  in  all  cases, 
that  the  buildings  constituting  the  establishment  should  be 
constructed  of  stone  or  bri(,'k,  with  iron  roofs.  The  occu- 
pation of  -wooden  buildings  is  unsafe;  "when  they  are 
employed,  great  care  is  necessary.  Every  preservative 
against  fire,  by  the  use  of  non-combustible  material  and  the 
command  of  water,  should  be  planned  for  at  the  onset  of 
construction. 

When  coal  is  to  be  distilled  in  retorts,  the  retort  house 
should  be  separated  from  the  distillery,  or  refining  house, 
and  all  crude  materials  and  marketable  oils  should  be  kept 
in  separate  stores,  away  from  the  operating  part  of  the 
establishment.  Eeceivers  of  the  products  of  the  retorts  are 
advantngeously  situated  underground.  A  steam  pump, 
communicating  with  cisterns  of  water,  and  supplied  with 
hose  capable  of  reaching  every  building,  should  be  always 
ready  for  action,  while  at  the  same  time  it  performs  the 
ofliccs  required  by  the  manufactory. 

Between   the    stills    and   the   several   worm-tanks   and 


DISTILLERY   FOR  COAL   AND   PETROLEUM   OILS.       109 


receivers  it  is  necessary  to  erect  a  strong  brick  or  stone 
wall,  through  which  the  connecting  pieces  between  the 
stills  and  the  worms  pass.  It  is  also  desirable  to  separate 
the  stills  one  from  the  other  by  partition  walls.  During 
the  distillation,  and  especially  at  its  commencement,  a  light 
hydro-carbon  vapor  frequently  escapes  at  the  lower  extre- 
mity of  the  condensing-pijie.  This  vapor  is  highly  inflam- 
mable, as  well  as  the  lighter  oils  that  accompany  it.  No 
lire  should,  therefore,  ever  be  permitted  in  the  body  of  the 
refinery. 

The  agitators  should  be  placed  at  convenient  heights  to 
permit  the  oils  to  flow  from  the  acid  cisterns  into  the  tanks 
where  they  are  to  be  washed  with  the  alkali,  and  to  run 
thence  into  the  stills.  A  good  arrangement  of  the  ma- 
chinery is  of  much  consequence ;  and,  above  all,  the  most 
rigid  cleanliness  should  be  observed  in  every  operation 
connected  with  the  manufactory.  An  abundant  sujiply  of 
clean,  fresh  water  is  absolutely  necessary. 

The  plan  and  sections  (pp.  110-111)  represent  approved 
arrangements  of  the  building  and  apparatus  of  a  coal  oil 
or  petroleum  distillery. 

Coals. — The  crude  oils  distilled  from  coals  differ  greatly 
in  yield  and  in  quality.  It  will  be  observed  in  the  table 
given  in  a  preceding  chapter,  that  a  few  varieties  will  pro- 
duce over  a  hundred  gallons  per  ton.  Some  cannels  will 
not  yield  over  fifty,  and  others  thirty  gallons  per  ton. 
The  qualities  of  the  crude  oils  also  differ.  Some  afford 
large  quantitiec'  of  parafiine,  or  heavy  oil,  and  but  a  small 
percentage  of  lamp  oil.  Others  yield  much  eupion.  In 
the  purchase  of  coal  lands,  or  coal  for  the  manufiicture  of 
hydro-carbon  oils,  an  accurate  test  of  the  coal  is  necessary. 
Coal  oil  works  have  been  erected  at  coal  mines,  where  the 
coal  itself  is  almost  worthless  for  oil-making. 


i 


110     DISTILLERY  FOR  COAL  AND  PETROLEUM  OILS. 


V:  ^ 


I! 


Li 


rL-j  i.ili.  Irii-tf^ifirVJ  n  'i  iilrj  uV  ,i  i,  ii  n  ^'ufrft-rfV 


iUiiii 


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—  1 1 


fit 


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ir 


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m 


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i, 


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::-::»- 


/tA  TERS  c.  SON  ■  cjy.  GCSNCn.  DLL.  I 

BECTIpN   ON   LINE  C— n  OP  PLAN. 


COAL  OIL  REKIUKUT  PLAN.— 800  CALS.   rAPACITT  PER  DirM. 


DISTILLERY  FOR  COAL  AND  PETROLEUM  OILS.       Ill 


8BCTI0N  ON  BROKEN  LINK  A— B  OF  PLAN. 


EEFEUENCES. 


E.  Stills. 

F.  Worms. 

0.  Worm  tnnks. 
n.  Holler. 

1.  Eiiirlno. 

J.    Steam  pump. 

K.  Still  fiirnacB. 

L.  WiL^hers,  or  sgitators. 

M.  Hccoivers. 

N.  Market  tank. 

O.  Syphon  of  still  pipe. 


P.  Drain. 

Q.  Chimney. 

U.  Water  pipe. 

S.   Steam  pipe. 

T.  Wa-slier  sieailnf.'. 

IT.  Pipe  from  agitators  to  stills. 

V.  Ventilators. 

"W.  Tail  pipes. 

X.   Still  houM. 

Y.   Kefliiery. 


Bitumens. — The  preceding  remarks  are  also  applicable  to 
aspbaltunis  and  bitumens.  The  tars  of  candle  manufac- 
tories also  give  different  results,  and  yield  some  heavier 
and  some  lighter  oils. 

Retorts. — Different  retorts  also  produce  different  results. 
"When  the  discharge-pipe  is  high,  there  will  be  less  crude 
oil ;  but  the  oil  will  be  lighter  and  purer.  Pressure  upon 
the  charge  and  its  vapors  during  distillation  will  diminish 


il! 
f, 


m 


lA 


I  if 


m- 


ii- 


-1,3 
-    % 


112      DISTILLERY   FOR  COAL  AND   PETROLEUM  OILS. 

the  yield ;  and  where  the  condensation  is  imperfect,  a  part 
of  the  lighter  oils  will  escape  with  the  gas.  The  revolving 
retort  has  the  advantage  of  distilling  coals  and  shales  in 
less  than  half  the  time  required  for  stationary  retorts..  The 
yield  is  also  large ;  but  the  crude  oil  is  impure  from  the 
quantity  of  dust  produced  by  the  agitation  of  the  material 
during  its  dry  distillation.  More  important  than  all  is  the 
amount  of  heat  applied,  which  should,  as  an  ordinary  rule, 
not  exceed  800°  Fah.  Before  the  coal,  asphaltum,  or  any 
bitumen  is  thrown  into  the  retort,  it  is  advantageous  to 
break  it  into  small  pieces.  Large  masses  seldom  discharge 
all  the  volatile  matter  from  their  central  parts. 

Condensers. —  By  removing  the  heat  that  attends  the 
vapors  and  gases  produced  by  distillation,  their  particles 
are  brought  into  closer  proximity,  and  all  pass  from  the 
gaseous  into  the  liquid  or  solid  state,  except  the  permanent 
gas,  which  is  incapable  of  condensation  by  ordinary  means. 
Condensers  are  usually  metallic  worms  immersed  in  water, 
which  is  kept  at  the  desired  temperature  by  the  admission 
of  cold  water.  It  is  quite  immaterial  whether  the  con- 
denser is  a  long  metallic  pipe,  a  series  of  pipes,  or  an  open 
chamber,  if  it  be  of  sufficient  dimensions,  and  kcjjt  at  a  low 
temperature. 

Receivers — at  coal  oil  manufactories — are  tanks,  usually 
sunk  in  the  earth,  to  allow  a  descent  of  the  oils  from 
the  condensers.  They  should  be  closely  covered,  to  pre- 
vent the  evaporation  of  the  lighter  oils,  which,  in  warm 
weather,  is  very  rapid.  The  gas  which  remains  uncon- 
densed  should  be  conveyed  to  a  gasometer,  and  there  stored 
for  fuel,  or  it  may  be  purified  in  the  manner  of  ordinary 
coal  gaa,  and  employed  for  lighting.  In  general  the  gas  is 
allowed  to  escape,  especially  where  fuel  for  the  manufac- 
tory is  cheap.     It  is  admirably  adapted  to  the  distillation 


I;   ^ 


TREATMENT  OF  THE  CRUDE   OILS. 


118 


of  oils,  and,  with  proper  burners,  a  high  degree  of  heat 
may  be  obtained. 

Precipitation  or  settling. — With  the  crude  oils  that  flow 
irito  the  receiving  tank  there  is  always  a  quantity  of  water, 
or  ammoniacal  liquid  combined  with  some  carbonaceous 
matter  and  other  irnj)urities.  When  the  coal,  or  other 
material  distilled  in  the  retorts,  is  very  moist,  the  water  in 
the  receiver  will  sometimes  amount  to  twenty  per  cent,  of 
the  distillate.  To  remove  those  impurities  it  is  most  advan- 
tageous to  pump  the  whole  into  a  second  receiver,  or  tank, 
which  should  be  elevated  a  little  above  the  working  level 
of  the  stills  it  is  designed  for. 

The  crude  oils  and  their  impurities  should  next  be  heated 
up,  by  means  of  a  steam  coil  placed  in  the  bottom  of  the 
tank,  to  90°  or  100*^  Fah.  The  ammoniacal  water  and 
the  impurities  soluble  in  water  will  then  settle,  and  may 
be  readily  drawn  off. 

Ammonia. — When  the  ammonia  present  in  the  water  is 
sufficient  in  quantity  to  pay  the  cost  and  a  profit  upon  its 
separation,  it  may  be  neutralized  by  the  application  of 
sulphuric  or  muriatic  acid,  and  the  solution  evaporated  to 
obtain  sulphate,  or  muriate  of  ammonia,  or  it  may  be  pro- 
fitably employed  in  combination  with  other  manures  for 
a  fertilizer.  The  carbonaceous  matter  that  forms  a  stratum 
between  the  crude  oils  and  the  water  is  worthless  unless 
it  be  used  in  the  preparation  of  artificial  fuel. 


TREATMENT   OF  THE   CRUDE   OILS. 


Si' 


The  crude  oils,  being  separated  from  their  impurities, 
may  at  once  be  submitted  to  chemical  treatment ;  but  as  a 
general  rule,  and  especially  when  they  are  heavy  and  con- 


114 


DISTILLING  BY  THE  AID   OF  STEAM. 


fV  ;r! 


l£i~ 


tain  mucli  tar,  they  should  he  first  distiUcd.  This  distilla- 
tion is  made  in  a  cuiniium  iron  still,  protected  from  the 
action  of  the  fire  by  fire  brick,  which  c(iuali/es  the  heat, 
consequently  the  expansion  of  the  metal,  and  lessens  the 
risk  of  fracture. 

DISTILLING   BY  TIIK  AID   OF  STEAM. 

The  "charge"  of  oil  prepared  as  above,  may  be  run  into 
the  still  and  distillecl  without  the  uao  of  steam.  But  when 
it  has  been  "  run  oir'  to  four  fifths  of  the  whole  quantity, 
or  when  the  part  remaining  in  the  still  will  be  a  thiek 
pitch  when  cold,  common  steam  should  be  gently  let  into 
the  neck,  or  breast  of  the  still.  The  steam  immediately  pro- 
duces an  outward  current  through  the  condensing  apjniratus 
and  brings  over  all  the  remaining  part  of  the  oils,  leaving 
a  comjiact  coke  as  the  only  residuum.  Furthermore,  it 
gradually  diminishes  the  heat  of  the  iron  and  prevents  it 
from  breaking.  When  the  steam  is  thus  let  in,  the  fire  is 
to  be  removed  from  beneath  the  still. 

Common  steam  under  moderate  pressure  has  been  intro- 
duced into  stills,  both  above  the  charge  and  into  it  through- 
out the  entire  distillation.  In  the  latter  instance  the  steam 
soon  becomes  superheated  after  the  lighter  oils  have  been 
run  off.  Again,  steam  previously  superheated  is  driven 
into  the  charge  during  the  distillation,  and  for  the  distilla- 
tion of  the  heavy  oils  and  j)araffine  this  mode  h;is  the 
preference;  yet  steam  is  advantageous  however  ajtplied. 
When  it  is  superheated  the  condensing  apparatus  should  be 
extensive  to  meet  the  increased  heat. 

Continual  Distillation. — In  the  first  distillation  of  the 
crude  oils,  as  they  come  from  the  retorts,  and  in  subsequent 
ones,  the  oils  may  be  slowly  admitted  into  the  still  after  it 


:i^. 


V: 


UldTlLLIXa  BY  THE  All)  OF  STEAM. 


115 


hns  become  sulliuienlly  lioutoil  and  tlio  oils  bogiii  to  flow 
froely  from  the  worm,  or  coiuk'nscr.  IJy  the  mljustinentof 
n  cock,  ii  stream  of  the  criule  product  may  be  permitted  to 
flow  throuf^li  an  iron  tube  into  the  still  while  it  is  in  ope- 
ration. Th(!  tube  .should  ili[)  InMieath  the  oil  in  the  .still, 
the  in-llow  <}f  oil  into  which  must  not  exceed  the  out-llow 
from  the  condenser.  A  greatt>r  amount  of  heat  will  bo 
recjuircd  fur  this  operation  than  for  the  common  method,  as 
much  of  it  is  taken  up  by  tlie.  cold  oil  constantly  flowing 
inwards.  By  tliis  mode  a  still  working  lUdO  gallons  may 
be  made  to  run  double  that  (piantity  without  interruptioiu 
and  .steam  m.iy  be  api)lied  in  any  manner  before  described. 

?'//('  Jiral  dislillale. — The  first  distillate  of  the  er\ide  oil 
.should  be  .sei)arated  into  two  parts,  each  of  which  re(|uire3 
somewhat  dilfercnt  treatment.  The  first  part  is  that  which 
distils  over  from  the  conuuenccnumt  of  the  run  until  the 
oils  in  the  receiver  have  a  proof  of  30'^  by  hydrometer,*  or 
a  .specilie  gravity  of  0"843. 

These  light  hydro-carbons  and  the  eupion  they  ci>nt;iiu 
form  the  lamp  oil.  The  quantity  produced  will  dej)end 
U})on  the  rpiality  of  the  coal,  or  other  material,  whence  they 
liave  been  derived.  This  jtart  of  the  distillate  being 
pumped  from  the  receiving  tank,  or  otherwise  removed, 
the  remainder,  or  second  part,  is  allowed  to  llow  on  until  it 
assumes  a  greenish  color  at  the  end  of  the  worm  pipe,  when 
steam,  if  not  previously  employed,  may  be  let  into  the  still 
and  continued  until  the  whole  distillation  is  completed; 
the  fire  in  the  furnace  beneath  the  still  being  withdrawn. 
A  quantity  of  coke  will  be  found  to  remain,  amounting  to 
ten  or  fifteen  per  cent,  of  the  whole  charge.  This  coke  is 
excellent  fuel,  and  after  all  its  volatile  matter  has  been 
expelled  it  may  be  employed  in  the  clarification  of  sugar. 
*  Soo  note  A,  Appendix. 


116 


DWTir.LINO    UV   THE   AID  OF  STEAM. 


I 


i'  i'i: 


:| 


When  steam  is  not  eniployoil  the  residuum  in  tlie  still  must 
not  he  run  down  lower  than  a  thiek  pitch.  Coking  in  the 
still  without  steam  is  unsafe  and  ha/ardouH  to  the  iron. 

The  iirst  ]>art  is  then  to  be  plaeed  in  an  iron  cistern 
and  therein  thoroughly  agitated  from  one  to  two  hours, 
with  from  four  to  ten  percent,  of  sulphuric  aeid,  the  object 
being  to  bring  every  particle  <>*"  the  impurities  in  contact 
with  the  acid.  The  quantity  of  a(!id  to  be  used  depends 
upon  the  character  of  the  oils  and  the  coal,  heat,  &e.,  em- 
ployed in  the  retorts. 

If  too  much  acid  is  ajiplied  the  oils  will  be  partially 
charred  and  discolored;  if  too  little,  the  impurities  will  not 
be  oxidated,  and  the  oils  will  change  color.  After  the  agi- 
tation of  the  oil  and  acid  is  comi)leted,  the  mixture  must 
remain  at  rest  iVom  six  to  eight  hours,  when  the  acid, 
with  the  chief  })art  of  the  im})urities,  will  have  settled  to 
ilic  bottom  of  the  vessel.  They  are  then  to  be  drawn  off, 
and  the  remaining  oil  to  be  washed  with  ten  or  twenty  per 
cent,  of  water.  The  water  removes  a  part  of  the  remaining 
acid,  and  carries  olf  the  soluble  impurities.  The  acid  now 
appears  in  the  form  of  tar,  and  may  afterwards  bo  separated 
from  the  irn])urities  for  further  use.  After  the  water  is 
withdrawn  the  charge  is  to  be  agitated  two  hours  with 
from  five  to  ten  per  c^nt.,  by  measure,  of  a  solution  of  caus- 
tic potjish,  or  soda  of  si  i>cilic  gravity  1*400.  The  hydrates 
of  those  alkalies  may  be  used  in  the  same  manner;  but  the 
solution  of  caustic  soda  is  generally  preferred.  Like  the 
acid,  the  strength  and  quantity  of  the  alkali  must  be  v;  i  ied 
according  to  tlie  (lualit}'  of  the  oils.  After  a  repose  of  six 
hours  or  more,  the  alkali  is  to  be  withdrawn  from  the  oil, 
and  any  further  impurities  r<'ndercd  soluble,  by  its  aj)[)lica- 
tion,  washed  out  with  water,  lifter  the  use  of  the  water 
the  oil  should  be  perfectly  i;e;, '.ral.     When  the  water  is 


Mt^TIM.INd    UY  TICK   AID  OF  8TKAM. 


117 


witli<lra\Vi  from  it,  it  is  to  bo  run  into  u  still  for  rtnal  re?C' 
tilu';iti<iti.  Should  any  tifiil  still  remain  in  tlio  clnrgo,  it 
may  be  distilU'd  oviT  two  or  four  ]u>r  cent.  tU'  the  alkiilinc 
Bolntion,  or  an  equivalent  ([uantity  of  lime,  or  sodii  ash 
with  or  without  water.  During,'  tho  whole  of  thest;  opera- 
tions tlie  oils  and  tho  several  washes  applied  to  them  are 
to  bo  kept  at  a  temporatnro  not  lower  than  UO"-'  Fah.  This 
ifl  conveniently  <\->\h  oj  rir  uns  of  Hteam  eoils  fixed  at 
tho  bottoms  of  lii"  tanks  in  vJiich  tho  agitations  are  made. 
Tho  arritat  r  innploytl  may  bo  of  any  kind,  if  its  action  is 
efficient  '';  idly  the  oil  is  to  be  earefidly  distilled,  with 
or  rvithout  steam.  /.  small  quatitity  of  thi>  liLditest  pro- 
duct  or  eujtion,  whieh  comes  first  from  the  condensing 
worm,  is  usually  disrojoiTtl.  and  may  therefore  be  trans- 
ferred to  tlu  succeeding  ehar;ie. 

The  last  distillation  sluudd  be  made  slowly  and  with 
care,  avoiding  all  fluctuations  i)roduoed  by  an  unsteady 
beat.  If  desired,  the  eupion  may  be  taken  olf  at  tho  com- 
nionconi(>nt  of  tho  distillation.  It  should  be  at  proof  (50", 
or  specitic  gravity,  0'738,  or  it  may  bo  allowed  to  run  in 
with  the  lamp  oil.  When  tho  distillate  has  reached  proof 
40°,  or  specilic  gravity  0"819,  tho  remainder  is  to  bo  trans- 
ferred to  tho  next  charge,  or  the  heavy  oil,  as  being  too 
dense  for  illuminating  jnirposes. 

The  niix(>d  oils  intended  for  lamps  have  their  disagrooa- 
blo  odor  ohiedy  removed  by  allowing  them  to  remain  in 
flat  open  cisterns  over  weak  solutions  of  the  alkalies  during 
a  period  of  some  d.iys.  Light  al.-o  improves  tluir  color. 
I'he  alkalies  employed  in  the  foregoing  treatment  ma}'  be 
restored  and  used  in  subsequent  puritications. 

The  oils  of  the  second  or  heavy  part  of  the  first  distil- 
late are  purified  by  the  same  meu«s  as  described  for  tho 
lighter  oils,  except  that  they  require  the  application  of 


r>!  \ 


I.' 


l;,i 

m. 


w 


118 


PARAFFINE. 


more  acid  and  stronger  alkalies.  All  the  oils  distilled  from 
then.i  at  proof  40°  are  to  be  added  to  the  lamp  oils.  At 
the  close  of  each  distillation,  and  as  the  oils  acquire  greater 
density,  the  color  grows  darker  and  changeable,  finally  they 
are  })arlially  charred,  and  especially  when  they  have  been 
di.stillt'd  without  steam.  These  dark-colored  oils  may 
always  be  renovated  by  the  use  of  acids  and  alkalies,  the 
permanganates  of  potash  and  soda,  and,  finally,  by  distil- 
lation. The  color  of  the  lamp  oils  should  not  exceed  a 
tinge  of  greenish  yellow,  when  viewed  in  a  clear  glass  flask 
six  inches  in  diameter.  If  by  accident,  carelessness,  or 
negligence,  the  oils  treated  by  the  foregoing  method  should 
be  ini[)ure,  they  must  be  submitted  to  washing  and  redis- 
tillation. 

Paraffinc. — In  general  all  the  oils  below  proof  35°  con- 
tain more  or  less  parafiine ;  below  30°  the  paralfinc  is  still 
more  abundant.  When  the  whole  process  has  been  well 
conducted  those  oils  are  to  be  placed  in  tanks  in  cool  situ- 
ations (thermometer  at  40°  and  lower) ;  the  paraffinc  will 
then  crystallize  on  the  sides  of  the  tanks  in  beautiful  white 
silvery  scales,  from  which  the  still  liquid  oils  may  be  with- 
drawn. The  parailine,  in  a  solid  state,  may  then  be  re- 
moved, and  submitted  to  powerful  presses  io  got  rid  of  a 
further  portion  of  the  oil.  It  is  purified  at  last  by  agitating 
it  while  mi.'lted  with  one  half  or  more  of  its  weight  of  sul- 
])huric  acid.  The  acid  is  then  washed  out  widi  hot  water 
and  solutions  of  the  caustic  alkalies.  It  is  again  pressed, 
and  finally  melted  and  cast  into  masses,  or  run  into  candles.* 
The  heavy  oils,  and  those  which  drain  from  the  jiaraninc, 
are  excellent  lubricators.  They  may  be  mixi.'d  with  ani- 
mal oils  wliiii  it  is  desirable  to  give  them  greater  consist- 
ence.    As  they  do  not  readily  oxidate  when  exposed  to 

*  See  Kiiiiiip's  AppUal  Chemidnj.     Vol.  i.,  p.  3S2.     Loi.iun,  1S55. 


PURIFICATION  OF  PETROLEUM  OILS. 


119 


the  air,  they  are  peculiarly  applicable  as  lubricants.  The 
gumming  complained  of  by  machinists  arises  from  the  oxi- 
dation of  the  oils  they  have  heretofore  employed  to  relieve 
friction. 

These  heavy  hydro-carbons,  and  even  the  solid  paraffine 
itself,  may  be  decarbonized  and  rendered  suitable  for  lamps. 
Just  in  proportion  to  the  amount,  or  number  of  the  equiva- 
lents of  carbon  withdrawn  from  them,  so  are  their  boiling 
points  lowered  and  their  specific  gravities  diminished.  The 
author  is  disposed  to  the  belief  that  hydrogen  is  a  volatile 
metal,  of  which  the  oils  before  described  are  carburets. 


PURIFICATION  OF  PETROLEUM  OILS. 


; 


An  almost  colorless  naphtha  arises  from  the  earth  at 
Baku,  on  the  border  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  accompanied  by 
hj^dro-carbon  vapors,  which  arc  collected  and  used  for  heat- 
ing and  lighting.  It  is  also  used  in  lamps  in  its  natural 
state.  A  single  distillation  renders  it  (pite  pure.  From 
the  presence  of  paraffine  the  Eangoou  petroleum  is  nearly 
of  the  consistence  of  butter  at  tlie  ordinary  temperature. 
It  has  been  treated  with  sulphuric  acid  and  the  alkalies,  in 
the  manner  mcommended  for  coiil  oils.  The  paraffine, 
which  was  first  discovered  by  Mr.  Faraday,  is  also  treated 
with  the  acids,  and  then  submitted  to  pressure,  !^[uch  of 
the  Persian  oil  is  colorless,  and  is  consumed  in  lamps  with- 
out purification. 

The  petroleums  of  South  America  and  the  "West  India 
Islands  often  contain  much  sulphur,  and  their  odor  is  very 
offensive.  In  examining  some  of  the  now  almost  inactive 
and  extinct  volcanoes  of  the  West  Indies,  the  author 
observed  that  the  petroleums  of  volcanic  districts  were 

9 


!  ! 


I  > 


120 


PURIFICATION  OF  PETROLEUM  OILS. 


W 


rf*   > 


much  more  offensive  than  those  of  undisturbctl  localities. 
Boiling  mud  with  steam  issues  from  the  earth  on  the  shores 
of  Trinidad,  and  raises  itself  into  conical  mounds,  sometimes 
fifty  feet  high.  The  petroleum  at  those  places  has  an 
intolerable  odor,  and  contains  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 
Gold  is  immediately  tarnished  by  the  gases  of  these  sulphu- 
rous districts.  All  these  natural  hydro-carbon  oils  require 
active  treatment  to  render  them  unobjectionable  for  domes- 
tic purposes.  The  alternate  use  of  acids  and  alkalies  has 
been  found  the  most  effectual  in  their  purification. 

The  petroleums  of  the  United  States?,  of  which  great 
quantities  are  now  obtained,  differ  much  in  their  densities 
or  proofr.  Some  of  the  wells  in  Venango  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, afford  oils  of  specific  gravity  0"800.  in  other 
parts  of  the  oil  region  the  petroleums  have  densities  of 
'O850,  and  even  O900.  Indeed  these  heavy  semiliquid 
hydro-carbon  compounds  sometimes  pass  into  compact  bitu- 
men, an  example  of  which  may  be  seen  in  Jackson  County, 
Kectmeky,  and  at  other  places. 

These  deposits  of  solid  bitumen  have  probably  been  pro- 
duced by  the  evaporation  of  th(>,  lighter  hydro-carbons,  and 
by  the  oxidation  of  those  beds  which  ?iow  appear  like  the 
sites  of  ancient  lakes.  They  are  quite  dilVerent  in  their 
origin  and  characters  from  the  injected  masses  of  solid 
asphalte  discovered  in  Ititchie  County,  Virginia,  and  in 
Albert  County,  in  the  Province  of  New  Brunswick. 

From  the  great  difference  in  the  densities  of  those  petro- 
leums, there  is  a  great  difference  in  rc^gard  to  their  value 
and  their  treatment  in  the  process  of  purification.  Of  tlic 
lighter  oils  ninety  per  cent,  of  pure  oil  ibr  illuminating 
purposes  may  be  olitained  ;  but  of  the  more  dense  varieties, 
and  those  which  contain  much  tarry  matter,  not  more  than 
forty  or  fifty  per  cent,  of  lamp  oil  is  at  present  produced. 


I 


PURIFICATION   OF  PETROLEUM   OILS. 


121 


The  result  has  Leen  the  same  as  that  in  the  manufacture  of 
coal  oils.  Large  quantities  of  the  heavy  oils,  and  impure 
paraffine,  accumulate  in  the  distilleries,  and  will  continue 
to  increase  until  a  cheap  and  successful  process  is  discovered 
for  their  decarbonization. 

The  methods  practised  by  persons  engaged  in  refining 
the  American  petroleums  are  as  different  as  those  in  use 
for  the  purification  of  the  oils  distilled  from  coals.  Some 
employ  acids  and  alkalies  in  the  manner  i)reviously  de- 
scribed, others  use  alkalies  alone,  and  steam  is  applied  at 
various  degrees  of  heat.  Some  of  the  oils  produced  by 
those  means  are  of  good  quality,  others  are  inferior,  and  do 
not  ascend  the  wick  of  the  lamp  in  sufiicent  quantities  to 
afford  a  constant  light.  In  others  the  illuminating  prin- 
ciple, by  some  change  effected  on  the  carbon,  is  partially 
destroyed,  and  in  almost  all  the  odor  is  disagreeable.  The 
oils  from  some  of  the  wells  contain  traces  of  chloride  of 
sodium,  others  carbonate  of  soda  in  quantities  sufficient  to 
affect  their  treatment.  The  denser  oils,  or  those  which 
contain  too  much  carbon  to  admit  of  being  consumed  in 
lamps  without  smoke,  are  excellent  lubricators,  either 
mixed  or  unmixed  with  animal  oils. 

It  will  be  perceived  by  the  foregoing  statement  that  it 
would  be  a  difficult  task  to  prescribe  a  mode  of  2>urifieatioii 
to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  oil  refiners.  Neither  the 
petroleums,  nor  the  oils  distilled  from  them,  contain  crea- 
sote,  or  cabolic  acid,  and  other  impurities  which  contaminate 
the  oils  distilled  from  coals  and  coal  shales  ;  their  purifica- 
tion is  therefore  simple  and  compaAitively  cheap. 

When  the  proof  of  the  oil  is  not  below  38",  distillation 
with  water,  or  by  the  use  of  steam,  will  most  frequently 
render  the  lamp  oil  of  good  color,  and  its  illuminating  pro- 
perties will  be  of  the  highest  order.     Before  the  heavy  oils, 


il! 


i,- 

i 


.  1  * 


122 


rURTFICATION   OF  PETROLEUM   OILS. 


those  below  proof 


submitted 


any  treatment, 

it  is  necessary  to  give  them  a  preliminary  distillation,  by 
the  aid  of  common,  or  superheated  steam,  and  the  distillate 
should  be  separated  into  two  parts,  all  below  proof  88* 
being  set  aside  to  be  treated  for  lubricating  oil,  and  a 
farther  portion  to  be  added  to  the  illuminating  oil.  Wash- 
ing the  lighter  part  of  the  charge  with  a  solution  of  caustic 
potash,  or  soda  of  specific  gravity  not  exceeding  1"400,  is 
useful.  A  final  distillation  over  a  weak  solution  of  either 
of  those  alkalies  will  generally  render  the  oil  pure.  The 
heavy  parts  of  the  oil  miy  require  agitation  with  equal 
parts  of  sulphuric  acid  and  water,  followed  by  an  alkaline 
wash  and  then  distillation.  It  is  onl}^  the  most  impure  oils 
and  those  from  the  wells  of  certain  localities  that  require 
the  use  of  acids,  which,  like  the  strong  alkalies  when  used 
ill  excess,  greatly  impair  the  illuminating  properties  of  these 
hydro-carbons.  The  lighter  the  oils  the  lighter  will  be 
their  color.  At  proof  45*^  they  are  colorless.  At  proof 
42"^  coloring  matter  begins  to  appear  in  the  distillate,  and 
continues  to  increase  until  the  charge  is  exhausted.  In 
order  to  present  the  lamp  oil  of  a  light  color  some  refiners 
have  sent  it  to  market  at  proof  45° ;  but  it  should  be  under- 
stood that  such  oils  are  much  more  inflammable  and  liable 
to  explode  than  those  at  proof  40°.  Color  in  this  instance 
should  be  sacrificed  to  safetv.  Tlie  offensive  odor  of  these 
oils  is  removed  by  the  means  laid  down  for  the  deodori- 
zation  of  coal  oils.  A  valuable  property  of  all  the  before- 
mentioned  oils,  consists  in  the  fact,  that  they  never  become 
rancid  nor  ferment.  Indeed  they  are  improved  by  ,nge,  and 
gradually  lose  their  un]')leasant  odor. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  enlarge  upon  the  national  advantages 
which  must  evidently  result  from  the  manufacture  of  oils 
from  mineral  substances.     Some  of  the  uses  to  which  those 


REFUSE  OF  OIL   MANUFACTORIES. 


123 


oils  may  be  applied  have  been  noticed.  Doubtless  tlicre 
arc  others  to  be  discovered.  The  light  afforded  by  the 
hydro-carbon  oils  is  equal  to  that  of  gas,  and  in  an  eco- 
nomical point  of  view  it  is  unrivalled. 


REFUSE   OF  OIL   MAKUFACTORIES. 


In  the  early  operations  of  manufiiotori.s,  and  more  espe- 
cially when  their  chemists  have  not  had  the  advantages  of 
experience,  residual  and  resultant  products  are  frcrpiently 
overlooked,  attention  being  directed  altogether  to  the  staple 
articles  called  for  in  the  market.  This  remark  is  peculiarlj" 
applicable  to  coal  and  petroleum  oil  manufactories.  In  the 
United  States,  at  the  present  period,  vast  quantities  of 
pitch,  heavy  oils,  and  other  valuable  refuse  products  are 
permitted  to  flow  into  creeks  and  rivers,  being  considered 
worthless.  It  is  to  those  products  the  manufacturer sliould 
direct  his  care  and  attention.  To  their  careful  use  he  will 
have  to  look  ere  long  for  no  small  part  of  his  gains.  Com- 
petition will  ultimately  reduce  the  actual  profits  to  be  made 
upon  the  oils  themselves  within  narrow  limits,  and  success 
will  only  be  awarded  to  economy  and  superior  manufiic- 
turing  skill. 

The  products  here  referred  to  are,  gas,  coke,  ashes,  ammo- 
niacal  ivaler,  impure  sulplmric  acid,  impure  alkalies  und  jjitch. 

Gas. — From  the  numerous  coal  oil  works  now  in  opera- 
tion, thousands  of  cubic  feet  of  carburetted  hydnjgen  gas 
are  daily  evolved  and  wasted  in  the  atmosphere  which  they 
contaminate.  This  gas  might  be  collected  and  stored  in 
gasometers  for  the  supply  of  light  to  towns  and  villages. 
An  exhausting  pump  placed  between  the  main  and  the 
gasometer  would  relieve  the  pressure  of  the  retorts  and 


124 


REFUSE   OF   OIL   MANUFACTORIES. 


r 


m 


I 

m 


I* 


readily  force  the  gas  in  any  required  direction.  Its  puri- 
fication could  bo  made  in  the  usual  manner.  It  is  to  be 
admitted  tliat  this  gas  would  be  inferior  for  illumination  to 
that  usually  supplied  to  cities;  bufits  deficieficy  in  quality 
could  bo  made  up  in  (piantit^',  and  the  price  at  which  it 
could  be  afforded  would  remove  every  objection  to  its  use. 

At  situations  where  coal,  or  the  supply  of  coke,  is  insuf- 
ficient, the  gas  may  b(i  most  advantageously  employed  for 
producing  steam,  and  for  all  the  distillations  required  in 
making  and  purifying  the  oils.  For  tliose  purposes  it  is 
suj)erior  to  any  other  kind  of  fuel,  as  the  heat  may  be 
increased  or  diminished  instantaneously  at  the  will  of  the 
operator.  For  heating,  the  gas  requires  no  purification, 
and  recent  improvements  in  producing  heat  by  this  agent 
will  supply  the  highest  temper.atare  required. 

Coh'. — "When  the  coal  employed  affords  a  good  coke  it  is 
used  for  fuel ;  the  coke  of  Boghead  coal  and  the  bitumi- 
nous shales  is  of  little  value.  Some  of  the  asphaltums  and 
bitumens  afford  a  small  residue  of  fuel. 

AsJx's. — A.shes  collect  around  oil  manufactories  in  large 
quantities,  and  they  differ  in  their  composition  according 
to  the  nature  of  the  coal  consumed.  In  all  cases  where 
they  contain  any  considerable  percentage  of  lime,  they  will 
be  found  valuable  fertilizing  agents  for  certain  .soils. 

Ammoniacal  vabr. — "Whenever  nitrogen  enters  into  the 
composition  of  the  coal,  shale,  or  other  material  distilled  in 
the  retort's,  ammoniaeal  wiit(>r  will  be  one  of  the  products, 
and  upon  it  the  lighter  oils  will  repose  in  the  receiving- 
vessels.  The  quantity  of  ammonia  is  oflen  very  con- 
siderable. 

Sulphate  of  ammonia. — To  prepare  the  sul])hate  of  ammo- 
nia from  the  crude  ammoniaeal  water,  the  latter  is  to  be 
saturated  with  sulphurif^  acid,  and  evaporated  in  a  cast-iron 


REFUSE   OF  OIL   MANUFACTORIES. 


125 


boiler.  The  saturation  may  be  made  in  a  leaden  vessel, 
and  the  evaporation  performed  by  steam.  When  the  liquid 
has  attained  a  specific  gravity  of  1-400,  or  thereabouts,  it 
should  bo  run  into  a  vessel  lined  with  lead,  and  crystal- 
lized. Another  mode  consists  of  distilling  the  ammoniacal 
water,  and  conducting  the  distillate  into  a  solution  of  sul- 
phuric acid  of  spec.  grav.  1"700.  In  tliis  case  the  sulphate 
of  ammonia  is  precipitated,  and  may  bo  dipped  out  with 
ladles. 

Cldorohydride  of  ammonia  {sal  ammoniac). — To  form  the 
sal  ammoniac  of  commerce,  the  ammonial  water  is  to  be  satu- 
rated with  hydrochloric  acid  (muriatic  acid).  It  is  usually 
evaporated  in  vessels  of  lead,  and  then  run  into  wooden 
coolers.  The  salt  is  then  to  be  dried  in  stoves,  and  finally 
sublimed  in  iron  pots  with  large  domes.  Some  days  are 
required  to  complete  the  last  operation. 

Snlplniric  acid. — The  sulphuric  acid  employed  in  the 
purification  of  coal  and  other  distilled  oils  frequently  con- 
tains half  its  bulk  of  impurities,  oxidated  and  charred  by 
the  acid.  This  tarry  liquid  is  now  very  generally  dis- 
carded from  the  manufactories  as  a  worthless  and  offensive 
article.  Tliousauds  of  tons  of  acid  that  might  be  purified 
for  further  use  are  thus  annually  lost.  After  the  acid  has 
performed  its  office  as  a  purifier,  it  should  be  placed  in 
tanks  lined  with  lead,  where,  by  repose,  from  two  to  five 
per  cent,  of  oil  will  rise  to  its  surface,  whence  it  may  be 
removed  and  economized.  The  acid  may  be  purified  by 
distillation  in  glass,  or  platinum  stills;  but  a  cheaper  and 
more  convenient  method  of  restoring  it  to  its  first  state  is 
worthy  the  attention  of  chemists. 

Very  great  quantities  of  the  solution  of  caustic  alkalies 
are  cmpkyed  in  purifving  coal  and  petroleum  oils.  At 
present  those  washes,  as  they  are  called,  are  permitted  to 


i 


II 


la 


126 


REFUSE  OF  Olli   MANUFACTORIES. 


m 


it  - 


run  to  waste.  Frequently  they  arc  partially  neutralized 
by  the  acid  that  preceded  them  in  tlic  purifying  process. 
When  these  solutions  are  strongly  alkaline,  they  may  bo 
submitted  to  evaporation  and  crystallization  for  further  use, 
the  impurities  which  float  upon  them  being  removed.  If 
they  have  been  nearly  neutralized  by  the  acid  taken  up 
from  the  oil,  the  neutralization  should  be  completed  by  the 
addition  of  more  acid,  when  they  will  form  sulphate  of 
soda,  or  sulphate  of  potash,  as  one  or  the  other  alkali  has 
been  employed.  These  alkalies  are  excellent  fertilizers, 
when  they  arc  combined  in  compost  with  peat  or  other 
organic  substances. 

Pitch. — In  the  first  distillation  of  the  crude  oil,  and  in 
subsequent  ones,  where  steam  is  not  employed,  it  is  not 
convenient  to  run  the  charges  down  to  dryness,  whereby 
the  stills  are  more  or  less  endangered ;  and  when  the  dis- 
tillation of  the  paralTine  is  not  considered  important,  the 
charges  are  run  down  to  a  thick  pitch,  which,  when  cold, 
is  an  artificial  asphaltum.  This  pitch  is  very  useful  for 
many  purposes.  It  may  enter  beneficially  into  the  compo- 
sition of  waterproof  cements,  varnishes,  and  patent  fuel. 
When  evaporated  down  to  a  proper  consistence,  it  is  valu- 
able for  roofing.  The  roof  is  first  covered  with  sheathing 
paper,  and  then  with  the  melted  pitch,  upon  which  gravel 
or  sand  is  thrown  immediately,  and  finally  all  thot  remains 
loose  is  brushed  off".  The  pitch  may  also  be  converted 
into  lamp  black,  by  burning  it  away  from  the  air,  by  which 
the  carbon  is  converted  into  lamp  black,  instead  of  car- 
bonic acid,  which  would  be  the  result  if  the  air  was  freely 
admitted  to  the  combustion. 


APPENDIX. 


^t» 


SCALE. 


1 

TO 

66 

60 

66 

60 

40 

40 

86 

80 

25 

15 
10 

Note  a. 
A  TABLE  OF  SPECIFIC  GRAVITIES  OF  OILS. 


li 


H 


^a"S 


(IKSNRK. 


70 
G9 
G8 


e 


0G96 
0-700 
0-704 


671  0-707 


i  a  c  t    a 


1$^ 


i 


GG 

0-711 

G5 

0-713 

G4 

0-718 

63 

0-722 

62 

0-725 

Gl 

0-729 

GO 

0-733 

59 

0-737 

58 

0-741 

57 

:  0-745 

5G1  0-749 

I 

55  0-753 

54^  0-757 

53;  0-761 1 

52!  0-7G5 

51  0-769 

I 

50  0-773 


49  0-778 

48  0-782 

47  j  0-787 

46!  0-791 

45,  0-795 

44!  0-800 

43  0-804 

42  0-808 

41  0-813 

40  0-819 

39'  0-824 

I  i 

38|  0-828  j 

37 1  0-833 

36'  0-838 

35  0-843 

34'  0-848 


28i  0-881  '• 
27'  0-880' 
26:  0-891 ' 

25!  0-898  i 

I 

24'  0-903  i 

23  0-909 

22  0-915  ; 

21  i  0921 1 

20  0-927! 


19 
18 
17 
16 
15 
14 
13 


0-933 
0-940 
0-946 
0-951 
0-959 
O-OGG 
0-971 


33   0-854 

12 

0-979 

32!  0-859 

11 

0-986 

'  31]  0-864 

10 

0-994 

30   0-869 

29   0-875 

1 
1 

1 

If 


lil.l 

i! 


f;' 

i.ti 


128 


APPENDIX. 


Tlie  tlinoronce  between  this  scale  niul  tliat  of  Baume  ia  nearly  five 
grains  (omitting  decimals)  in  the  ypecific  gravity  of  every  proof  given, 
or  J*,,  of  a  degree  on  the  scale. 


Proof  by  Dr.  Cksneh's  Scale.      | 

Baumk's  Scale. 

80-        .        .        . 

20*6 

40*       .       .       . 

896 

SO*       .       .       . 

40*6 

eo*     •     •     . 

69*6 

70-              •       . 

696 

and  so  on  for  all  the  other  degrees. 

Ppeo.  Or. 

Tlie  proof  of  Eiipion  is  fixed  at   . 

G0° 

0-733 

"         Lamp  oil 

40' 

0'819 

"         Coal  tar  benzole 

35° 

0-843 

"          Lubricating  oil  (light) 

28° 

0-881 

"                "             "    (heavy) 

20° 

0-927 

Made  by  G.  Taoliabue,  298  Tcarl  Street,  New  York. 

/I  /^ 


/- 


Note  h. 

Tlie  following  list  comprises  a  number  of  the  companies  and  firms 
manufacturing  coal  oil  in  the  United  States  at  the  present  period. 
There  are  also  fifteen  estalilishments  where  petroleum  only  is  worked. 
Doubtless  there  are  others  whoso  names  have  not  been  reported  : — 


,/   Aladdin  Co.,  Kiskiminitas,  Pa. 
,  Atlantic  Co.,  New  York. 

Adair  &  Veeder,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Anderson,  Darlington,  Pa. 

Brcokcnridge  Co.,  Cloverport,  Ky. 

Boston  &  Portland  Co.,  Boston. 

Beloni  &  Co.,  New  York.  ' 

Brooks,  Zanesville,  0. 

Covington  Co.,  Covington,  Ky. 

Cox,  Zanesvil'-^,  0. 

Carbon  Co.,  !N   w  York. 


Cornell  &  Co.,  Canfield,  0.      ;';' 

Downer  Co.,  Boston.  Cf^^n-i 

/ 
Dean,  Cleveland,  0. 

Empire  State  Co.,  New  York.  -  '  •"  ":; 

Excelsior  Co.,  New  York.    —  .      ^J 

Eureka  Co.,  New  York. 

East  Cambridge  Co.,  East  Cam-/    ]>^f 

bridge,  M-iss.  ^ 

Enon  Valley  Co.,  Enon  Valley,    ^ 

Pa. 
Franklin  Co.,  New  York.         - 


five 
ven, 


APPENDIX. 


129 


-?  C 


}(^i 


dt> 


mi 


J'a  '.. 


rms 
•iod. 

ked. 


ti 


am-/    ;>-» 


ley,    -^ 


Forest  Hill  Co.,  Kftiiawha,  Va. 
Falling  Rock  Co.,  Knnawlm,  Va. 
Great  Wt-stcrn  Co.,  Newark,  0. 
Orecrs,  Kanawha,  Va. 
Great  Kanawha  Co.,   Kanawha, 

Vu. 
Grasselli,  Cincinnati. 
Glondon  Co.,  Ho.Hon. 
ILirtfurd  Co.,  llnrtlbnl,  Ct. 
Hiinebaiigh  &  Co.,  CoslKxiton,  0. 
Knickerbocker  Co.,  Now  York. 

Kerosene  Co.,  New  York. 

?rest()n  Co.,  Ya. 

Long  Ishuul  Co.,  New  York. 

Lucesco  Co.,  Ki.skiininitas,  Pa. 

Murion  Co.,  Taylor  Co.,  Va. 

North  American  Co.,  Kiskiniini- 
tas.  Pa. 

New  York  and  Wheeling  Co., 
Wlieeling,  Va. 

New    Bedibrd,    New    Bedford, 


/ 


New  York  Coal  Oil  Co.,    . 

New  Galilee,  Pa. 
Orion  (,V).,  N.Y. 
Pii\khani,  Boston, 
Pcasley,  Boston. 
Pago  Si  Co.,  Boston. 
Pictou  Co.,  New  York. 
Palestine  Co.,  Palestine,  Pa. 
PhcLMiix  Co.,  Cincinnati,  O. 
Preston  Co.,  P'.'e:ston  Co.,  Va. 
Robinson  k  Co.,  Perry  Co.,  0. 
Ritehio  Co.    (bitumen),    Ritchie 

Co.,  Va. 
Sherwood,  Canfield,  0. 
Staunton,  Kanawha,  Vo. 
St.'tniford  Co.,  Stamford,  Ct.     •   - 
Union  Co..  :M.'.ysville,  Ky. 
White  Day  Co.,  Monongalia  Co., 

Vu. 
Western  Co.,  Cincinnati,  0.      — 
Zephyr  Co.,  New  York. 
Total,  5G. 


yV. 


'fK, 


HI 


1^ 


"ft 


{   \  j 


180 


A1'1'£NDIX. 


Note  e. 

Till!  following  tabic,  ri-lutiiig  to  tho  cost  of  Artificial  Liglit,  has  been 
oxtraetod  from  the  statement  of  Dr.  Charles  M.  Wctherill,  ami  j)ublinhcd 
in  The  American  Qua  Liijht  Journal,  May  1,  18G(): — 


Illuminating  Mntcrlal. 

Coft  p<'r  Ih.  or  gallon. 

('(inftiiiii|iUon  In 
fdur  hoiirt. 

rout  of 

I.luht  JHT 

hour. 

Wax  candles  (red) 

$0  50  per  lb. 

532  grains 

lOGSctK 

"          "        (green) 

458      " 

Purnnine  candles,  G's. 

OCO       " 

5G7      " 

1-395    " 

Tallow          "        G's. 

0  15      " 

5G3      " 

0-324    " 

Sperm          "        4'8, 

0  40      " 

587      " 

0-984    " 

Star             " 

0  25       " 

G30      " 

0-G88    " 
1 

Lard  oil 

1  20  per  gallon 

12C>1  0Z8,  fluid 

2-096    " 

Burning  fluid    .     .     . 

0  75       " 

5-09 

0-74G    " 

Kerosene      .... 

120       " 

3-89        " 

0'912    " 

ADDENDA. 

Petroleum  oil    .     .     . 

100       " 

3-24 

0  800    " 

New  York  coal  gas    . 

2  50  per  1000  ft. 

4  feet  burner. 

I -000 

fj'ii 


NOTB  d. 


Of  kerosene,  or  coal  oil  lamps,  there  is  a  great  variety  in  the  market, 
and  the  weekly  list  of  patents  shows  that  tho  number  is  still  increasing. 
A  new  lamp  has  just  been  brouglit  to  the  notice  of  the  public  by 
IIonATio  Eagle,  Esq.,  120  Maiden  Lane,  New  York.  It  produces  a 
brilliant  white  light  without  tJie  aid  of  a  chimney. 


I N  1)  E  X. 


Albert  ooftl 

Annliiiii     .... 
Amfators 

Alleghany  coal  field  . 
Acitlf*         .... 
Alkftl'u'H    •.        .        .        . 
AcitiDD  of  Hulpliiiric  mnd    . 
Action  i>f  Nitric  acid 
Acid,  snl|)liiiric, 
Animuiiiacal  wat(!r    . 
Aniinoiiia 
Aiitliracino 

AiniiiiiiiiH,  aulpliato  of, 
AHphaltuiii 

Asilfrt  .... 

Artificiiit  I.iuht,  cost  of. 
Asphaltiini,  ilmlillatcs  of,    . 
Bltiimoti  of  Triiiic'ad 
"  Culia       . 
"  Uaiijroon 
"  South  AiiuTJca 
"  Unitod  StatfS 
"  Virginia 
"  Oils  of    . 
"  West  India  Island 

Baku,  PctroltMini  of, 

Biiriiiaii  Territory,  Pt'troleuni 

Bitniniiioiis  siihists     . 

BituniinoiiH  Suhstancos,  table  < 

Brooinau's  Patent 

Bodinan's  Patent 

Bancroft's  Patent 

Buildings 

Bicarl)urctted  hydrogen    . 

Benzole     .... 

Brick  ovens 

Bituminous  sands  and  clay» 


II 
II 
II 
II 
II 


of. 


pro( 


nets, 


45, 


pAoa 
21,71 
(18 
109 
'29 
90 
90 
90 
91 
110 
1-24 
113 
07 
124 
22 
124 
i;30 
71 
20 
27 
27 
27 
27 
32 
73 
74 
74 
74 
75 
34 
102 
103 
106 
108 
85 
G4,  92 
41 
73 


182 


INDEX. 


I: 


I,? 

\m 


Coke  ovens 
Coal,  varii'tit's  of, 

"     Composition  of, 

''     ElVeots  (.if  heat  upon 

"     Botrliead 

"     Alliert      . 

"    Breckenridge    . 

"    Brown 

"     Table  of  products  of 

"     Products  of  the  distillation  of 
Coal  field,  Alleghany, 
Coals  distilled  for  gas  and  for  oils 
Candle  tar 
Caoutchino 

Cedriret     .... 
Carburetted  hydrogen 
Chlorohyilrido  of  ammonia 
Caustic  alkalies 
Carbolic  acid 
Canada,  bitumen  of   . 
Coal  oil  lamps    . 
Choke  (lamp 
Coking  furnaces 
Crude  oils 
Condensers 
Coniiiuial  distillatitm 
Copnonior 

Coke         .... 
Cuiiiolo     .... 
Coal-tar,  volatile  bases  in, 
Coal-tar     .... 
Dundonald,  Lord, 
Densities  of  Petroleum 
Damoulin  and  Cotelle's  method 
Distillery  .... 
Distilling  by  steam     . 
Distillation  continual 
Distillate,  first,  . 
Dead  oil    . 
Distillation  of  wood  . 
Dead  Sea,  bitumen  of, 
Early  records     . 
Eflects  of  heat   . 
Eupion      .... 
Formula    .... 
Fire  damp 

Germany,  oil  manufactories  in, 
German  methods 

Gas 

Gases  of  coal  mines  . 
Hydro-carbon  oils 
Hydro-carbons 


Gl 


PAOF. 

48 
12,  13 
14,  22 
10,  18 
20 
21,71 
23 
25 
34 
G2,  09 
29 
70 
24,  70 
70 
00 
85 
125 
125 
08 
72 
130 
113 
47 
109,  113 
51,  112 
114 
58 
124 
GO 
Gl 
02 
8,  15 
33 
105 
108 
114 
114 
115 
10 
57 
71 
8 
18 
58 
81 
15 
97 
101 
123 
14 
83 
84 


INDEX. 


133 


PAOF. 

48 

;,  13  , 

t,  22 

;,  18 

20 
[,71 
23 
25 
34 
I,  09 
29 
70 
i,  70 
70 
GO 
85 
125 
125 
08 
72 
130 
113 
47 
I,  113 
,112 
114 
58 
124 
GO 
01 
02 
8,  15 
33 
105 
108 
114 
114 
115 
16 
57 
71 
8 
18 
58 
81 
15 
97 
101 
123 
14 
83 
84 


Hydrogen 

Homologous  series  obtained  from  coal 

i>  "  "  "     Bitumen  of  Trinidad 

"         "  Cuba 


u 

(1 

11 

u 

l( 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

1> 

la 


Kanaw 
Caoutchouc 

Hydrometers 

Heat,  efl'ecta  of,         .... 
Haled  and  Watson     .         .         . 
Impurities  in  hydro-earbon  oils  . 
Kerosene,  process  of  manufacture, 
Kerosene,  A,  B,  and  C,      . 
Kerosene  Oil  Company 

Leucoline 

List  of  coal  oil  Companies 

Laurent     

Lutidine 

Manstield,  Patent  of,  ... 

Manslield,  rroce.«s  of, 

Naphtha 

Nitric  acid 

Naplithaline 

Ovens,  brick 

Odorine 

Organic  and  homologous  compounds 

Oils,  oxygen, 

Oils,  hydro-carbon,     .... 
Organic  compounds,  table  of. 
Oxidating  agents       .... 
Oils,  crude,  from  coals, 
'         "      treatment  of,   . 

Picolinc 

rctrnloums 

Paranaplithalinu        .         .         •         • 
Petroleum  well  .... 

Picamar 

Patents 

Pittical 

Peat,  products  of,       ...         • 

Pyroxanthine 

Petroleum  of  Baku    .... 
"  Sjirings    .... 

"  Density  ctf 

Petroleums  of  the"  Alleghany  coal  field 
Products  of  the  distillation  oi  wood  . 
ProcM'ss  of  Mansfield       ^  . 

"       of  Young     .... 
"      for  Kerosene 
Patent  of  Wagenmaim 
Peat  Company,  Irish, 
Permanganate  of  I'otash   . 
Pitch 


coal 


94. 


I'Acr. 

80 
86 
87 
87 
87 
127 
10,  18 
15 
89 
100 


9 

09 

127 

8 
09 

9 
92 

no 

91 
00 
41 
71 
79 
78 
83 
79 
90 
109 
113 
08 
120 
07 
10 
58 
9 

00 
70 
00 
74 
30 
33,74 
74 
57 
92 
95 
90 
97 
70 
92 
126 


f 


Mk. 


134 


INDEX. 


I'EKri 


Precipitation 

Parfvtiine,  troatment  of, 

Puritication  of  Petroleum  oils 

ParalHiic   . 

Receivers  . 

Refuse  of  oil  manufactories 

Retorts 

Retort,  Revolving,     . 

"      Vertical, 

"      Clay,      . 
Reiclicnbach 
Retorts,  stationary,    . 
Refuiery  for  oils 
Stills 

Selligue,  patent  of,     . 
Sulphate  of  ammonia 
Sal  ammoniac    . 
Sulphuric  acid   . 
Steam,  distillation  by, 
Toluole      , 
Yohl's  process   . 
Volatile  bases  in  coal  tar 
Wagenniann,  patent  of, 
Washers    . 
Worms,  condensing, 
Wood,  products  of  the  distillation  of. 
Young,  James,  patents  of, 


rAoa 
113 
118 
119,  121 
59,  67 
112 
123 
111,  112 
38 
41 
45 
8 
37 
110 
53 
92 
124 
125 
125 
114 
66 
101 
68 
97 
43 
56 
57 
9 


rAQi 

113 

118 

121 

G7 

112 

123 

112 

38 

41 

45 

8 

37 

110 

53 

92 

124 

125 

125 

114 

66 

101 

68 

97 

43 

56 

57 

9 


BAILLIEliE    BliOTHERS' 

CATAI.OOUE 


OP 


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mond.     ^  Vol-.,  bv.i.     London,  18^)4-51)  .  .  .  .  U    00 

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Bliiwpipe.    See  j;Ar<;)KKs,  Dr.  J.  M. 

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Boiigiiet'J.  H.)  IlistoireChimlqiic'les  Kaux  Minerales  et  Therinales  de  Vichy.  Cussit, 
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Davy  (Sir  II.)    Chemical  Philosophy.     8vo.     London  .... 

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See  Ks.4I'i''.s  Technology. 

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Dumas  (.1.)     Kssai  de  ."InlUine  CIdmique  des  Ktres  Organises.     2me  edit.     I'uris,  1842     . 

Memolres  de  Cliimie.     Avec  7 1'lanche^.     Svo.     I'arin,  1">48         .  , 

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Dujll  (  H.)    History  of  the  S>eani  Jet  as  applicable  to  the  Ventilation  of  Coal  Mines.    Svo. 
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Diatlllttieur  Modernes,  contenant,  etc.     2  vol.s.,  Svo.     Versailles,  IbSU  . 

Duraild  (Fans'.)  Nouvi-lle  Thcorie  I'hysiq'ie  ou  Ktudes  Analyliques  sur  la  Physique 
et  9ur  les  actions  C'himique  rmdameMialcs.     8vo.     i'aris,  1S54 

EncrOM.  Xoui'.'au  Manuel  coinplet  de  la  Kabiicatlon  des  Kncre<,  teiles  que  Kncres  a 
Ecrire,  CIdni',  de  C'ouleur  u  Maiquer  le  Linne  ie.     ISmo.     Paris,  I'^bh 

ICtod'eH  InipriincCM.  Nouveau  Manuel  (.'.onplct  du  falirlcant  d'Etotre?  luiprimecs  et 
du  Falirii'ant  di.'S  papicrs  point.s,  par  L.  :^.  lu  N'lniiaiid.     ISino.     Paris,  Is^'iG 

Cxlllbition  of  1851  (Lectures  on  the  Itesulis  of  the  Great.)  delivered  liefore  the 
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otiiers),     2  Vols.,  pusl  i-'vo.,  each  .  .  ,  .  .  .  .2  26 

Faraday  (fl.)    Cliemical  Manipulations,  being  Instructions  to  Students  hi  Chemistry. 

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Experimental  Ueaearches  in  Electricity.     8  vols.,  Svo.     London,  1S40-55.  .13  50 

The  Suliject-matler  of  a  Course  of  Six  Lectures  on  the  Non-metallic  Elements. 

12mo.,  cloth.     London,  IS.W,        .  .  .  .  .  .  .    1  76 

FttU  (J.)  Douze  lecons  de  Photographie.  description  de  procedes  Biniples  et  faciles,  au 
moyen  desquels  on  o).'ient,  pre.sque  infailliblei^ient,  des  epreuves  sur  verre  et  papier. 
5Smo.  ......... 

Fail  et  <'lievallcr.    Manml  ilu  Physicien  preparateur,  ou  description  d'un  cabinet  de 

I'hy-ique.     2  v.ds.,  ISnio,  with  an  alias  of  ^S  iiiiites.     Paris,  1S'>8 

Faui'licr  (Ij.)  Ileoiark'  on  tiie  Pro<luctii)n  of  the  Precious  Metals,  and  on  the  Demonili- 
zatioii  of  (jold  in  Several  Countries  of  Europe,     hvo.     London,  Isfijj, 

Faiirc  (.1.  .1.)  Analysi.' Chimique  des  Eaux  du  departement  de  la  Qlronde.  Svo.  Bor- 
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Flgliicr  (I.  )  I.'.\lcbinde  et  les  Alcblmistes  ou  Essai  Hlslorique  et  Critique  sur  la  Philo- 
s-p  !■  lliTiiieliciMP.     2liMiii.    121IMI.     Paris,  lS5ij     ..... 

FraiicuMir  (li.  It.)     Klemcnts  lie  Tcriinologie  ou  Description  des  procedes  des  Arts.   Svo. 

1  raui'l'<  ^<«.  \V,l     I  Ic  DietuMiary  of  I'rac'tical  Kecelpis  ;  coniaming  the  Arcana  of  Trade 

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bvo.     Londun,  ISoO         .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .    2  50 

FrcNcnills  ^Dr.)    Instruction  in  Chemical  Analysis,    tjuantilatlve.    3d  edit.   8vo.,  clotli. 

I-.t)U  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .    4  50 

Instructions  in  Chemical  Analysis.    (Qualitative.    5lh  edit.    8vo.,  clotli  .    liflfl    .    2  78 

I'rcMOllllIN  ft  Sarc.     Precis  d'Analyse  Chiiiiiquc  quantitative.     ISuio.     Paris,  1S45. 

(Ki,ui'-i'.) 

Precis  d'Analy.se  Cliimique  qualitative.    1  vol.,  12mio.,  flg.    Paris,  1S47.    (EpuUe.) 

Fyfc(A.)     Elements  of  Cliemistry.     Svo.     London     .  .  .  .  .7  25 

Manual  of  Chemistry.     12mo.     London  .  .  .  .  .    2  12 

taulioivaj'  (K.)    The  First  Step  in  Chemistry:  a  New  Method  for  Teaching  the  Elementa 

of  the  Science.     2d  edi'..     12iiio.     London,  ls5,'i         .  .  .  .  .     1  50 

Manual  of  Qualitative  Analysis.     12mo.,  cloth  .  .  .  .112 

— ' Chemical  Diagrams,  on  four  lar(.'e  sheets        .  .  .  .  .     1  73 

Oalvanoplaiitic.    .N'ouveau  Manuel  eoniplct  de  (lalvanoplaslie,  nii  Elements  d'Electro- 

iiielalhirnie;  coiitenaiit  !'.\rl  dr  rcdoire  les  mctaux  a  I'aide  du  lluide  iralvHiiique.  etc..  pa*" 
Sioee.  AugMiente  d'apres  M.M.  JacoUy.  Spen;;ir.  liiancr.  et*,.  Ouvrage  publie  par  E.  de 
^•iicourt.    2  vols.,  18iuo.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .    1  S6 


0  75 

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I'ilailOt  (A.)  Trnlto  Klcnuiilalri'  de  I'liyHicim-  Kxporimcntiilc  I'l  Ap|iliiiiip<?,  ct  ili-  Mrlonro* 
l"Hii',  iiviM!  till  riM'uiil  iiMiiilirLMix  ili'  iiimIiIi'iuc",  illiisire  ilu  ."iiiii  (fraviircs  »iir  Iiuih  inter- 
iMliis  (lain  le  lexiu.  tic  uililioii,  uiiiuifiitcc  lie  MiiJ  |{ravurui  imuvi-llcs  Immo.  i'ttrls, 
IViO  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .    1  "! 

Bhk,     Kllli|l|>*M  I'liciniciil  T('cliii(ilii):y,  or  Cljoinl^lry  apijlicil  to  llii' Arts:  Furl  uiid  \u 

Appluulicii.     1  Vol.     Ill  2 1'arls.     ••vu.     L.niiliin,  lt>)l)  .  .  .  .9  0* 

11. !•  is  lilt'  iiHist  ri'i'jiit  iiiul  ciiiii|ili'te  u'lirk  <iii  ilic  iiiaiiiifiu'turc  of  (las,  kv. 

Can  liliflltlKi;  (ioiiriial  of).    I'ulili-heil  in  l.iiiiilnn  on  tlio  Iiitli  of  (.very  month. 

■'ni'r  )i  r  vrar  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  ■  ■    8  71 

6  V.il-  ai-.-  iNilili-liud. 

GilUilill  ^  t|.  \,)  Traite  l'ratli|ui' ilu  I'liulof^riiplili',  uxposc  coinplut  ilcn  pnicdlcH  rula- 
til-  au  l)a«'iirrri'ot.v|ii'.    8vo  ,  hf.  lid.  of.     I'uris,  1*44  .... 

GailNH  (V,  %f.)  Iiitt'iisitas  vin  nniKiiL'ticn  tcrrustrU  ud  inonsiirani  al»idiiliini  revoculu. 
4;o.    (ioitiiimis  isi;)     ........ 

Uavnri'ot  iJ.)  Dr  la  ('halcnr  prodiiile  par  Its  Etrcs  Vivnnts.  l'.inio.,  avuc  41  llgiuea 
d.in-  lo  tiXi.-.     l'ari>,  ls.Vi  ....... 

Cil'I'lllirtlt.  Iiitroiliiclion  a  rEludu  de  K  Cliiiiiiu  par  Ic  Sy.'iloiiiu  Unitali'e.  1'2iiio,  I'uriiJ, 
1'1>   .......... 

Precis  dc  CliiuiiL'  Orgaiiique.    2  V  iN..  f*vj.     Paris,  Isll 

III  liair  eall  ...  ..... 

-^-^—    Tiaiie  lie  Ciiiiiiie  Orgaiiique.    4  vol*.,  Svn.     Paris,  I'i.M-O 

Ce  Trailo  e«l  line  suite  a  lUrzelius.  Ce  celeliro  cliliiiiste  etaiit  inort  avaiil  d'avoir  pu 
tcrniiin-r  son  oiivrii;.'f,  .M.  (iei'liardi,  ancieii  professciir  de  i,liii..ie  a  .Moiil|iellitr,  b'cst 
tliarge  de  teriiiiner  son  Iravail  it  de  le  ineltre  au  eonraiit  de  la  science  acuulle. 

.\i(lc-iiieiiiipire  p'iiir  I'.Vnalyse  C'liiniiqiip.     I'.'iiio.     Paris,  IV/i     .  .  .    0  75 

Gcrliardt  ot  C  IlUllct'I.    Precis  d' Analyse  L'liiniiqiie.    12.iio.,  avec  48  gravures.    Paris, 

iNw   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     1  23 

Ulovi'r  (.Iti  .11.)    A  Manual  of  Kieiiieniary  Clieiuisirj  :  being  a  Oliiss-book.    lllustruted. 

12uiH.     London,  1cv>.^     .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     2  tiO 

Gniellll.    llandlKiok  of  Cliemisiry.     Vol.  1  to  fi.  Inorpaiii ;  Clieinlslry  . 

"  Vol.  7  to  13,  Orwaiiic  Clieniislry,  each  Vol. . 

The  work  will  \ie  coiiiplelcd  in  16  vols.    (Cavenili-li  Society  PiiMicalions.) 

Goelicl.     Pliuriiiaccutische  Waareiikundp,  iiiit  llluin'nirton  Kupfern.    2  voli.,  4to.     Else- 

iiacli.  IvVi         .  .  .  .  .  .  .  10  00 

Gorc^la.'     TheiU'ynnd  Practice  of  Klectro-Deposition,  including  every  known  mode  oli 

di  p. >-itiii|,' metals,  elc.     &vo.     Lomloii,  ISoO  .  .  .  .  .     0  u(.i 

Gorlliilll.     r.irreqiiiiiicd  Pailis  in  Optics.     Part  1.  Light  from  a  Pin-hole.     Part  2.  Light 

troici  a  I'is.sure.     svo.     London,  IS'i.'i  .  .  .  •,  .  .     1  25 

Graliuin.     Klemenis  of  Cheoiistry  ;  including  the  Hpplicatinn  of  the  Science  in  the  Arts. 

Hy   r.  (iraliam,  F.It.S.  L.  &  K.,  Professor  of  Cliemistry  at  Univeridty  Coll.-Ke,   l.omlon. 

2d  edition,  entirely  revi.sed  and  greatly  enlarged,  copiously  illuotrattd  with  Woodcuts. 

Vol.  1.     lS,Vi    .  ....... 

Vol.  2.     London  and  New  York,  1857  ..... 

This  work,  which  ranks  among  the  first  on  the  suhject,  Is  now  coruul  te. 
—^    Clieinieal  Catechi.nni.     Svo.     London  ..... 

Grcgorj' ( Will.)     Kieiiienlary  Treatise  on  Chcinistiy.     12:iio.     Kdinlniri;!],  18.Vi 
■ llaiidliook  of  Inorganic  Chemistry.    For  the  use  of  Studerit.s.    8il  edition.    IJmo. 

London  ......... 

— — —     llandlioiik  of  Ortfanic  Ciieiiiistry,  for  the  use  of  Students.     4lh  edition,  correclud 

and  mucli  c.Mended.     12iiij.     London,  liilj  ..... 

Grilllll.     Tri-aiisc  1.11  tlie  Use  of  the  lilowpipe.    ISino.     London.    (Scarce.) 

(«rillilM,l.  J.)     C'liemieal  llecreation.     Div.  1,  post  Svo.        .... 

GrillillitT)     Cliciiii-try  of  tlie  Four  Seasons.     I'.'iiio.     London,  1853  . 

Gro%'<>  I  iV.  IB.)     (In  ilie  L'orn-latioii  of  Physic.-il  Force'.     .Sd  edit.     Svo.     London,  Ig.'),")  . 

Gruyrrili.  .4.)  I'rincipes  lie  Pliiiosophie  Pliysique  pour  servir  de  hasc  ii  lu  Motapliy- 
siiine  d.- ia  N.iiure,  el  a  la  Phy-iqiie  Fxperiinentale.     Svo.     I'arls,  1S45 

Guiboiirt.  Ili-tnnv  natnreile  des  drogues  simples,  ou  Uoiirs  d'liistoire  iiatundle  professo 
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cale.-s  dans  le  texie.     Pari-,  1^41)  ...... 

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iiiiliortaiite-,  qu'mi  pent  la  inMslderer  comioe  nil  ouvrage  entieremeiit  neiif.  (j'cst  uu 
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consulieront  luujours  avec  Iriiit.J 

Guiturd.     Uistoire  de  rKieclricite.     12mo.     Paris,  186i  .  .  .  .100 

Gurucy.     Lectures  on  Chemistry,    ovo.    Lonio.-t     .  ,  .  ,  .2  80 


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I'ui.-t,     '.ill  rililiuii.     I'^iiiii,  cliilli,     l.diiiliiii  , 

■lurriH  (>ir  \\,  S.)  Iliiiliiiiiiiiiiry  Trciiti"!!  mi  Ualvuiii^in,  uiiil  the  gviiuiul  v  U' ipk'-i 
of  Aiiiiiiitl  mill  ViilUile  Klo'lrk'ity.     I'.iiiiii.,  illiistruicil,  cluili 

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Willi  ."iiL't-'esUuna  fur  tlieir  iireservuliun.     12iiiii.     Lunduii,  V-i60 

Hunt  (iCohttrl).     Ue^^earcht'.'*  on  Light,     tivu.     Luniluli,  1S14 

—     IMiotugraiiliy  :  a  Tn-alise  mi  the  Chemical  Changes  produced  by  Solar  Uadiation, 
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l«raliiiiii'N  Elements  of  Chumistrv,  Willi  its  applications  in  the  Arls.  U  ediiiuii, 
Willi  iiiumeruble  woudciiia.     'i  vols.  ..... 

Fuil*>(  Anutoniy  of  the  K.\ternal  Kurms  of  Man.  Fur  Artists.  Kdited  by  H.  KnuX, 
M.l).     (>ro.,  and  an  alias  of  :i8  plales  4to.     Plain,  !fO  OU.     Colored, 

NU'IioPm  Architecture  of  the  Heavens.  Olli  editiun.  Kutirely  revised.  Sleel 
Platea  and  Wuodcuts  .  ..... 

Iflilclicll  (.1.)     Manual  of  Practical  Assaying.    2d  edition,  much  enlarged.     Svo. 
London,  1853        ....... 

JolinNnii  (.1,  1'.  \%'.)  Instructions  for  the  Analysis  of  Soils,  Liiiiealouus,  and  Manures. 
Odedit.     i2ino. 


1  on 

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0  50 

H  I*} 

1    110 

8  73 

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0  T5 


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1 

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2 

nil 

tl  fi« 

1 

00 

0  SI 

8  UO 

1  75 


1  73 
1  25 

0  C2 


Kdinburgh,  1855 
The  Chemistry  of  Common  Life. 


2  vols.     12uia.    Edinburgh,  1S55 


4  00 

7  30 

IS  00 

B  00 

10  I'll 

10  nil 

3  60 

6  00 

0  80 

8  00 

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8  S/diidanl  Scicnfl/ir    Worhs. 

Jolinnoil  (.1.  f.  \V.)    Kli'iiienta  or  Agricultural  GhuiiiUtryAiU  Qeolngy,    13uio.     6th 

<.u\[.      I.uuilnll,  \'?b'i  ,  ,  ,  .  .  .  ,  .     3  00 

Joiirtlaiii.    I'liiiriuiicdpi'c  Uiilvcrivllc,  ou  Couspcctui  ilc  toutei  lui  I'hnrmacopeci.  3  voli, 

mo,    'i  (.'ilil.     I'm  14,  1»4U  .  .  ,  ,  ,  ,  .    0  tS 

Joyce  ^ll«'V.  J.)    .Sdi'iiiiflc  DialoKues  Intended  for  the  limtruction  and  enlertulnment  of 

yuuiig  (at  vli^.     I'Jiiio.    KuiiiIdm,  la'i'i         .  ,  ,  ,  ,  >    0  75 

I)ialii(?ut'S  on  Chcnilmry.     3  voln.     I'Jiiio,        .  .  .  ,  ,     2  7S 

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M.I.     I'iiiin,  lrv>4  .  .  .  ,  ,  .  .  ,    3  00 

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|h,,.i  Svo.,  (ip.  0^4,  Willi  1.')  pliitos.,  cliiili  biiardn.     Ih40  .  .  .  .8  00 

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iim-l  ruL't'iit  iii«i'oVi'rlt»  iiiiil  iipplk'iitioii.i  of  the  f^cli'iico  to  Meilucini'  iiiiil  I'liur.iiacy,  to 
AKnciiltiiri.',  and  to  Miiiiiir.irturt'4.     Illuslmlcd  l>y 'Jod  \voudcutK.     8vo.,  clolh   ,  .8  00 

Kemp  (T.  V,)    Tim  I'lmsls  of  Matter;  lieiiig  an  Outline  of  t<ie  Diacuvcrk-a  and  Aiiplli'n- 

tloii.4  ol MiiikTM  (Jlii'iiil>try.     2  vols.     I'Jino.     London,  l»M    .  .  .  .0  00 

A({rliultMral   Physiology  Animal  and   Vogflablo.     For  Practical  Agriculturists. 

I'.'nio.     Kdlnl.urtrh,  iN'nt  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     3  00 

Kvrr  (T.)    A  I'raiiii  ul  Trfalise  on  the  cnllivailon  of  the  Sugar  Cane,  and  the  Mnnnfac- 

liirintf  nf  Sugar.     I'/ino.,  i-hiih      .  .  .  .  ,  .  .160 

Kuupp,  ICoiluldM,  uild  ICicllurdMUll.  ChcnilHtry  in  Ita  application  to  the  Arta 
aiid  .Mahiihicuii'fs  : 

V.d.  I.— Kuil  aiKl  ll»  Applkatlons— Coal,  Oa«,  Oil,  SpiTinttcctl,  Ac,  anil  tlii'lr  appllcn- 
lion  to  piirpo^u-i  of  llliiiiiinatloti,  l.i^ththou^'l■«,  ,»,•,- lti.-lii,  Wax,  I'lmI,  Wooil,  Stoves,  Ac, 
4c,,  In 'J  I'ails,  t'vo.,  Willi  4:*.'t  Kiigraviiigs  und  4  riati'.-!  .  .  •  .0  01 

Vol.  II.— lil.iss.Aliiiii,  Kartlicnwure,  Cciiie-its,  4c.,  4c.,  manufacture.  8vo.,  with  214 
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Kngi'aviogs  anil  1^'J  Woodiiita      ,  ,  .  .  •  .  .    6  00 

Kolivll,    .Sketches  from  the  Mineral  Kingdom.    Post  8vo.     London,  18,^3  .  .    1  fi<l 

Vi.l.  III.,  enibracing  sugar,  coflee,  lea,  4c  ,  with  7  folio  coloured  plates,  .  .    6  OO 

Klli;;llt.     Dictionary  of  Arts,  Coumierce,  and  .M.iMufacIures.     Syu.     London,    .  .2  50 

Kyiill  (J.  II.)  On  the  Kleim-nts  of  Light,  and  tlieir  Identity  with  those  of  .Matter,  Radi- 
ant and  Fixed.     t)Vo.     London,  Is'JS  .  •  .  ■  .  .     2  00 

Labuiilayr.  Dictionnalre  de.i  Arts  ct  Mnnufac  ores,  de  I'Agrlculture,  iles  Mines,  e»c, 
Onvrage  forniant  2  ire.s  forts  volumes  in  4to.,  et  illustre  de  ll,un(i  grarures.  .Now  toni- 
pkte  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  16  OC 

Lacainbrc.    Fabrication  de  In  Blere  et  DlstJ.'latlon  dea  Alcoola.    Vol.  1  Svo.    (Fir  the  2 

vok.)  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .    6  OC 

Lacaii  (IC.)    Ksqulsses  rhoingraphlqiic:  a  propoa  do  I'Gzposition  Un'rersclle  ct  de  la 

Uoi  rie  d'Orient.     I'Jiiio.     Taris,  ISOti         .  .  .  .  .  .     0  76 

Lambert.    Sur  la  Meteorologlc.    4to.         .  ,  .  ,  ,  .    0  25 

Lame  ((jr.)    Cours  de  Physique  ile  I'Keole  Polyteclinlque.    2  Tols.,  en  3  Parties.    Svo., 

avee  17  planclies.     Paris,  Isyii-JT.     (Very  fcarec.)  .  .  .  .  6  OC 

Lardlicr  (l>.)    Handbook  of  .Natural  I'liilosopliy.    Hydrostatics,  Pneumatics,  and  Heat. 

rjino.     London,  lbA6      .  .  ,  .  ,  ,  ,  .     1  60 

Tl  •  Museum  of  Science  and  Art.     10  vols.,  12mo.    lUustra'^d  by  engravings  on 

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A  Treatise  on  Heat.     l2uio.     London,  1S66     ,  .  ,  .  .     1  00 


2  60 


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avo.  tig.     P'lris,  ll«9      ........ 

Laurent  C? .)    Preiia  de  Crlstallographle  sulvi  d'une  Methode  Simple  d'Analyse  au  clia- 

Uinieau.     12nio.     Paris  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     0  87 

Luim'iit  (Aut;.)    .Methode  de  Cldmle.    Preccdec  d'un  Avis  au  Lecteur,  par  M.  Iliot,    1 

Vol.,  .SVO.,  avec  fij:\ires  dans  le  texte.     Paris,  1854    .  .  .  .  .    2  dO 

Laurent  (A.)    Cheinleal  Method,  Notation,  d'snlScation  and  Nomcnclaiare.    Trans- 
lated by  Odllng.     London,  ls<«)    .  .  .  .  .  .  .     8  6(1 

(Cavendish  ."ociety  Publication.) 

Le  <>ray.     Nouveau  Traite  de  Phott.graphle  sur  papier  etsur  verre.    8vo.     Paris,  1S51  .    0  T& 

Leiimann.     Physiological  Chemistry.     With  Illustrations.   2  vols.   8vo.    Philadelphia, 

183(5, .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .    6  00 

■■■  .     —    Chemical  Physiology.    Translated  by  J.  0.  Morrla.    Philadelphia,  18S6  .  .    2  26 

~~ Precis  deCliimIe  PliysiologiqueAnliDale.  Traduction  du  Professeur  Drion.    Parlj, 

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Standard  Scientific  Works. 


L'llcrltl^r  (8a  D.)  Trnlte  ds  Olilmlo  Patliii|(ii;ii{<ie  nu  KvcliprcliM  rlitiiilqui'ii  nnr  loi 
Hciliilc^  It  lc:!i  ll(|iii(li.'a  (111  voriin  liuiiinlii,  iluiia  'cur*  rapiiorlii  avec  ni  I'liysiulnglu  ot  hi 
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■iO  Norinand.    I/art  du  illHtlllutvur  <lv!i  enux-do-vle.    2  Tolii.,  8vn.    Pari*,  1817 

Lorcboura.    A  Troallie  on  I'liolcigrttpliy,  Ijy  J.  Kifcrton.    Svo.     LDndmi,  l»l-'l 

Lerebouract  Horrclaii.    Trulic  de  I'liutn^'iaiiiiiu.    ftc  »dit.    hvu. . 

Levcoqiio.     Art  of  HrcwiiiK  and  MikltiMK.    4lli  eilH.     8vn.     I.nndnn,  tH|7 

LlebiK  (J.  V.)  Cliemlslry  and  I"  yslcs,  In  relation  to  Pliyilology  und  Putliology.  2d  cdl- 
tlon.     hvo.        .  .  ...... 


1862 


Nourellea  Lcttres  >ur  la  thimie,  tradultcs  par  Cliarlea  Oerhardt.    ISmo.    I'urli, 

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•"^-^—    Kenearchei  on  ttio  Chenil'ilry  of  Food.    Sto.    London.  .  .  . 

•— Prinrlplcs  of  AKrlculturiil  ClieniUlry,  with  ipeclal  reference  to  the  late  researches 

made  in  KuKland.    8vii.    London,  1t<66     ...... 

'  llundhnok  of  Orfcanlo  Aniilyuls,  contalnlnn  a  detiillcd  account  of  the  vurlonn 

metlioils  u«i;d  In  dulcnnlninn  the  elementary  composilion  of  Orgimic  S^ubntunces.   Kdlted 
by  liolfniun.     Post  8v(i.,  woodculi.    London,  1861) .  .... 

LlebiK  Ulld  Kopp*«  Annuul  Ueport  of  the  Progreaa  of  Chemistry,  io.  4  T<d9.,  cloth. 
186.T.    (To  lie  eiintlnuud. )....... 

Lifrhti  It  N:ilurc,  Sources,  Kflects,  and  Applications.  Illustrated  by  n  Photograph,  12nio. 
London,  l>-,'j(l    ......... 

LoukC'A.)    Tractlcal  I'hologrnpliy  on  GlaJi  and  Paper.  2d  eillt.   12iuo.   Sewed,    1S50, 

I.Ove(T.)     The  Art  of  Cleaning,  Dyeing,  and  SconrlnK,  Ac.     12nio,     London,  ISiM 

Low  (David;.  An  Ir.qulry  into  the  Nature  of  the  Simple  Uudies  of  Chemistry,  3d  edit, 
Svo.    Loniiiiii,  ls6(i        ........ 

LOWlff.  Principles  of  Organic  and  Physiological  Chemistry,  by  D.  Breed.  Svo.  Phila- 
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niackeiixle  (C.)  One  Thousand  Processes  in  Manufactures,  and  Experiments  In  Chemi.'i- 
8vo.     London,  1825,     Half  bd.     ....... 

— — —    Theory  and  Experiments  in  Chemistry.    Svo.    London, 

ncGaUlov  (Rev.  J.  W.)  I.ectures  on  :  aturul  Philosophy.  1  vols.  Svo.  London, 
1860.     Half  b.1.  .  . 

nialairiitl  (F.)    Lecons  de  Chimie  Agricole,  Professcrs  in  1S4T.    ISmo,    Paris,  1S5C 

-^ (J.)    Lecons  Elementaires  lie  Chlmle.    2  vols.    12mo,,  avec  104  figures  Intercalees 

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direclioMS  for  lis  analysis.    8vo.     Loiidon,  lljStS        ..... 

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Snr  la  theoric  Chimlquc  ile  hi  Kespiration  et  do  U  Chaleur  Animal.    4lo. 

martins  (A.)    Uandbuch  der  Photographic.    Drltto  autlage.    Svo.    Wlen,  1S52 

matlier  (JTlimoa).  roul  Mines,  their  Dangers  and  Means  of  Safety.  Svo.,  woodcuts. 
London,  1858    ......... 

RIatteilcl.  Cours  Special  sur  I'lnductlon,  lo  Mugnetisineet  surles  relations  eutrc  la  Force 
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IVatteilcol  Ct  Savl.  Tralte  des  phenomencs  Eiectro-Physlologiques  des  auiuinux. 
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Historical  Sketch  an<l  Origin  of  Gas  ?  ighting.    12nio.    London 

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iVctrtilrp  (S.  'I')  Caloric;  its  Mechanical,  Chyraical,  and  Vital  Agencies  in  ;,he  Pheno- 
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ffllallie.    Chimlo  appllquee  a  la  Physiologic  et  a  la  Therapinitiqu..\    Svo.    Paris,  1S55 

jnillcr  (W*  A.)  Elements  of  Chemistry,  Theoretical  and  Practical,  extensively  iUus- 
trati'd.    3  vols.    8ro.    Iiondoa,  1865-67    ....  • 

Just  Completed, 

Miliar   (James).    Elements  of  Chemistry,    Svo.    London 

Rllller  (%%'.)  (Cashier  to  the  Hank  of  Kiigland.)  Decinnil  Tallies  used  at  tlie  Bank  of 
England,  for  reducing  dross  weight  of  Oold  and  Silver  to  Standard,    4to.     London,  1654 

IHllloil  (Iff .  E.)  Etudes  (le  Cliiinii'  Organlque  faites  cn  vue  des  Appiicalions  Pliysiolo- 
logiqucs  et  Medicales.    6vo.    Lille,  184U     ...... 


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H'l  iruilniiiK  III  A-'iiy'<  nf  (InM  iiml  SiIvit  tlin  pri'ilii*  i«ni'>iinl,  In  niuni'i,  |iiMiiiywi'l|{litii, 
•ml  ^'rii'iiH,  nf  MoMn  iiivlnl  i'iiiiIiiIiip'I  In  iin«  tmi  of  ore,  from  a  given  qiiitntily.     i  Tul,, 
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.\<  w  U'lllloll.     ^Vii.,  WiimlvlllH.     I'llllllilflplllR,  \bM  .  .  ,  ,     6  UO 

Mnhler  (<».   J.)    The   Chemlitry   of  Vegclnhle   nml   Animal    I'hy»lilo|ty,   with  Intro. 

iliii'lli'ii  ami  lintel  l>y  J.  K.  VI.  Jnhnnton,  ami  twenty  llluHtratinnK,  onloreil  ami  plain. 

Hv.i  ,  i^iiili        ,  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .    8  BO 

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raurnhy  (Itov.  II.)    Klemenlnrv  I'riiicipleii  of  the  Tlienrle'"  of  Elei'lrlclty,  Meat,  anil 

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Cketili  of  ClieiiiMry.     I'.'iiii).     I.iinilnii  ..... 

Manual  of  Clieinleal  K.xperlinents,    12iiio.     Ijonilon    .... 

(Jlieniiciil  Talilei)  und  DIagrHinii.    8vo.     London  .... 

Kleiiieiit.H  of  Clienilstry.     4  Vnls.,  Svo.     London  .... 

9IllH|irntt  (l*r.  S.)  The  Tse  nf  llie  lllowplpe,  in  the  tliialltiii  ve  and  Qimnlltatlve 
Kx.iiiiiiutiMii  lit  Mineral!!,  UreK,  t'urnacu  products,  ,iiid  utiier  i  elullle  couiliinutlonM. 
Hy  l"l:ilner.     8vo.,  eloth  ....... 

Clienilstry  Theoretical,  Practical,  and  Annlytlcal,  a>  applied  and   relating  to  tlia 

Arn  mill  Miimifactiires.     Ilnyal  Svo.  7  DlV,  2,     Lniidon.  KVl.     Kach 

Kill  li  division  of  thii  tlnu  work   contains  4  portrallt  (engraved  on  steel)  of  till)  moft 
cek'bruted  uheiiiliitr. 

Plapirr  (J.)    Maniml  of  Electro-Metallurgy.     Post  Svo.    ISM  .  . 

A  Manual  of  the  Art  of  Dyeing.    Svo,  with  llUmtration^.    London,  1803  . 

NembU  (J.  <;.)  On  Agricultural  Chemistry,  and  the  Nature  and  Properties  of  Peruvian 
(.iuaiiu.     iid  edition,     ttvo.     London,  l»fii{  ..... 

NiHbet(%V.)     Uictiunary  of  Olieniiiitry.     12ino.     London         .... 

Nit'ollcr  (H.)    AihiD  du  I'liyiiique  el  lie  Meteorolugle  AgrlooleK.    Urand  iu-foLi  de  18  pi. 

col.,  iivcc  uibleaux  el  tcxie.    Pari.^,  l'>,^5  .  .  .  .  .  .  13  60 

Noad  (II.  in.)  A  Manual  of  Electricity,  Including  Ualvanisin,  MaKiiitisin,  DiainnKiir- 
tiMiii,  Klei.'li'u-Dynuiiiic),  Macnetu-Eleclrlcily,  and  the  Klectric-Tele-'rapli.  4lh  edition, 
miiiclj  rewnttcu.     2  void.    8vo,     London,  I S50  .  .7  20 

Clicmlc&l  ManlpulatluD  and  AnalyHiKQiinlitntlve  and  Quantitative.     With  an  intru< 

duction  explanatory  of  the  general  princiiilea  of  C'hemicul  Nuniinclature,  Av.    bvo. 
Louilun,  lh.>2    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .    S  CO 

. Lectures  on  Chemistry.    Svo.    London  .  .  ,  .  ,    3  7i'> 

Normandy.    Coimnerelul  Handbook  of  Chemical  Anntysis.    Post  Svo.     London,  ISOO  .    3  75 

A   Practical  Treatise  on  C'heuilcal  AualysiSi  (Quantitative  and  <^ualilj«tlve.     By 

Rote.     3  vols.,  Svo.     London,  1848  .....  .102,') 

■■ An  Iniroduclion  to  ditto,     Svo.     London        .  .  ,  ,  .2  7.) 

Orlila(n.P.)     Elenieuls  of  Modern  Chemistry.     Svo.     London  .  .  ,     3  'J.'i 

♦Jttley  ( W  «  <',)     Dictionary  of  Clieniislry  suid  Mineralogy.     Svo,     London       .  4  on 

Parili(J.A.)    Klenients  (if  .Medical  Chemistry.    8vo.    London  .  .  .    4  i,'> 

Parnell.     Treatise  on  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing.     Svo,     London       .  .  .     '.'12 

.— — —    Eleineiitsof  Chemical  Anulyhis, Qualitative  and  Quantitative.    Svo.    London.  1S43. 

Ueduccd  tu      .  ,  .  ,  .  ,  ,  .  ,2  7.') 

—^-^—    Applied  Chemistry  in  Manufactures.     Vols.  1  and  2.     Svo.     London.    Each         .    8  73 
Payeu.    Cours  de  Cliimie  Appliquee.professe  a  I'Kcole  Centrale  de«  Arts  el  Manufactures, 
et  au  Conservatoire  des  Ana  el   Metiers.     Ri;di|,'e  par  Delllsse  et  Poinaot.     Ire  partis: 
Oliiiuie  Urgauique,    Svo.,  arec  atlan  folio  de  i)0  planches.     Paris,  1847  .  .    8  M 


4  on 

Ift  7.^ 

3  S3 

1  M) 

1  00 

7M 

800 

9  03 

1  00 

9  30 

1  20 

K'OO 

OM 


a  00 


:  M 

3  76 

4  79 

fl  uo 

'.    8  CO 

1 

.    4  (.0 

1 

.   4  on 

.  IftTS 

.    3  35 

.    1  Bft 

.     1  00 

.    T  50 

300 

a  03 


1  i26 

a'&o 

13  M 


7  20 


0  a;. 

•2  T.< 

8  'J.'> 

4  <HI 

4  75 

•i  12 

1175 

8  75 

»0« 


Stdndanl  Sdcnfijic  Works. 


11 


PUyXlli  I'ri'cll  ill'  Cllllnli'  Illllll<lrli'll4-,  K  rilaMIC*  lira  K>''«||'«  |i>  rliitrrtlnlr«<  *ll|  Pr>lf< '■ 
kIiim*  liiilifirlc'lli'ii  ili'K  riilirli'iitila,  it  lira  hki  loilli  iiia.  II  Volt.  h«ii  ,  ikVio  Nilaa  ilu 
pUrii'lici  III  Hy,K     ■•iiria,  ISttfl        ,  .  ,  .  .     6 'iH 

Puyett    «•!    Illcliurila      I'i'ci'l*  il'^rrlriilliirt!   Ilii'iiili|iiii  vl   |irHtli|iie.      I   ?ob.|  Ivn. 

l>i.rl«,  [^l.       .  ,  ,  .  .  ,  .  .     !»  75 

l*i>t-k«lail  CI'.  N.)    Tri-iUiae  on  llii<  Miiiiufui'tiir*  lit  (Ilia.    Nvn.     I.niiilnii  ,  .7  75 

I'ffvlfl  (i).)    Tritl(i>  I'li'innitHiri'  ilit  IMiyMiiuu.  4iiii'  cilllliii.  tl  Vi>l<.,  Hvi>.,Hlliti<.  Purla,  ISI7    A  75 

•^— —    Trull>'  ill'  li  Clmli'iir >i*lili'rrp  iIhik  ai'n  ii|>|>liriiili>iia,     Triil<li>iii«  I'llllliui  ciiiinrv 

'ill' III  rcri'ti'lni'.     I'll  iilliia  il«  I'j'i  iiIiiikIk'*  I'l  Uii  Vi'l,  ill!  Ii'll«,     I.Ii'KO  .  .   I 'J  fill 

Dii., 'J  ynla,  4t»  ,  rl  iitliK.     I'lirta  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  .17  50 

■     l.u  Kii|i|ili'iiii'iit  ai'ioiri'iiiinl,  IMil.     4lo.  .  ,  ,  .     'i  tiA 

PvlnilXi'a  Ti'iilii' ill!  I'Ki  liiriiKi' Hit  <I|4I  lira  ilv  I*  Ituulll*,  ilvt  lliiliva,  il«  Hralii««,  «lv. 
1  viil.,  (ivii.,  I'l '24  pi.    j.Viirn'.)    .,.,... 

Pclatliy;  I'l  I  mil)'.  Tnilli' ili' C'lunili'  icriiiruli',  mil  t>ri'iiiiiil  I  a  ii|'til>i'itlln|ia  ilu  irllii 
Hi'ii'Mi'i'  11  rAiiiilv'<i'  ('li{iiiii{iii',  a  l'liiiiii'<ini',  II  rAKi'lixliiirv,  v(  it  rHI.tnlrv  NittiirHlli.'. 
Uiiile  I'llli      Tiiihi'a  I  II  5i'l  utbi-.    I'iiri<,  I^JM  5>l      .  ,  .  ,  .WOO 

II  y  iiiiin  uii  Oil  vol  ,  i|iil  Ki'i'H  ilmiiiv  Kriiim. 

■  .Miri'Ki-  ill'  ('liliiili'      'riiii-liiiH'  I'llltiiin,  i'iiiir'irini«  kiix   imiivi'iix  tiriixmiimiM  ilt< 

I'l'ii'-i'liriii'iiii'nt  !>rii'iitilli|iii'  iliH  l,yi'«i'a.     tl  Vul,,  itiuml  iMiiiii.,  hVk'  174  IIkuii'M  liitrli'Hk'vii 
tliiiia  le  li'XIu.     I'iii'Ih.  i\!i(\  ,....,. 


——^    Niiiiuna  lii'iii  I'lilia  il>' <'liliiili',     I'li  tii'mi  vnliiiin'  liii|irliii('  avi'C  UlXei  Bcconipiflia 

il'iiii  AiluK  ill' '.'4  iiliiiit'lit'K  I'll  I'liuU'iir,  t'lii'liiiiiK'.     I'liii",  l>{il  .  ,  .5  50 

Polllcr     '  I.)     MvtfiiriiliiKlv.      Ubivrvutliilia    et     Kcvlitfri'lim    rxpcrlinvnluli'a.      8vo, 

I'lirlii,  IMtO       .  .  .  .  .  ,  .  .  .    2  00 

Pcn-lra.     l.i'cturHii  on  Cnliirlli'il  l<l|r)il.     Si'innil  I'lllliMn,  gri'iiii     "nlar^i'il  rrniii  iniiti'rliila 

li'ft  liy  llii' iiulliiir.     I'Mili'il  l>\  I'nil.  I'liHi'l'-,  iif  tlxi'ilil.     ri.iin.,  wiimkiila.     I.oiiilnii,  IVi4     2  3& 

Vvr^WMt  'I'l  illi'  llii'iirlqiii'  I't  |itiilli|iii'  ill'  riin|iri'!iaiii|i  ilra  ll<»iia.  4  liciiux  viil.,  Svo  (iivi'i; 
105  ll|{iii'i'<  I't  4'JV  I'i'liiiiilllliMH  iI'cikIIii,  mil  ii  iil'a  ilun.  lo  i.'xii',  I't  uii'iiiiiiiiikik'"  il'iiii 
iilliis  ill'  II)  pi.  4l<i  ,  ifriivi'ca  I'li  tuillc  ili>iii'r<  ilniit  4  aunt  riilnni'i'a.  Oii\ruKi:  uuquil  lu 
H'liii'li!  li'iM 'iiuiiiKi'iiii'iit  ,1  iieiuiiU' iiiii' imiliihli' ilu  il.iii  0  fi'.     riiiiK,  l.'(4ll  .  .  17  (X) 

I'lliirilllM'a'lltlt'Ul  .lourllHl  nii'l  Ti'iiiiani'll'ilit.  ViiU.  1  (ii  15.  Iliilf  linilliil.  I.niii|iiii, 

1*11  Id  b.  Ii       .                                  .                                  .                 .  .                 .                 .  fiiMIO 

Aniiiiiii  .■^iilisi'ripll"M  (piilili^lii'il  iniiiillil} )               .                .  .                .                .     II  T6 

I*lliiriiiiM'it|  ii-lu.    Till'  Nrw  l.iiiiilnii,  liii  liiiliiiK  iils.i  thu  liiilillii  iiiiil  KiliiiljurRli  I'lur- 

iiiiK'iipa'iai  liy  J,  II.  Ni'Viiis,  ,M  ll,     ^vll.     l.iiiiilnii,  I.^M,          .  ,                .                .5  00 

PbllllfO  (  «.  A.)    Oi'lit  .MiiiiiK  iinil  Akmii.vIiik;  u  holvnliao  Ouiilu  for  Auitrolliiii  Kiiil- 

Ki'Miti*.     I'2iiiii,     Willi  wiiiiili  III-,  l.i'iiiliHi,  InV.',         ,  .  .  ,  .     1  00 

.Miunilil  or.Mi'lalllll'ir.V.      I'nal  Svn.      NrW  I'llll.      I.iillililll,  ISM.     .  .  .8  70 

I'iliri  pN  (It.)  A  Millliiii  i>r  Kiii'la  of  iMiri'Ot  iliitii  mill  ili'iiiiMiary  cKiistuiiia  In  ilie 
I'liUrc  cii'i  li'  u(  tliu  SIck'iici'K,  ami  uii  all  Miljtitta  uf  fpii'lllatloii  iiml  |ii'acUi'o.  New  tilii. 
Wihii.     liS.'iO.     .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     :<  Oti 

Plliloonpliicill  'rrilll>ll<'tlOllH  nfllii'  Itiiyal  .^'nrk'ljr  nf  l.iiiiilnii,  irmii  Iv20  to  Ibbl. 

iiii'liiHivi',  li'iiiiiiiK 'J.'i  ViiIm.  4>i<.     Ilair  Imiiiiil  III  l(ii''.slu  .  ISO  OO 

(I'lilili^licil  price,  ^lU  iiiilioiiiiil.) 

I'lcn  v  (S.)  Till'  Art  iif  I'lrfiiiiii'ijr,  niiil  llii'  Mi'lliml  nf  ■MauitiiK  tW.irs  of  i'laiiti  ; 
Willi  iiiilrinllnii,'*  f'lr  111!'  .Mamilailiiro  nl  IVl'liiiiua  fil  Un.>  Hniuikilililef,  hcilili'il  I'liw- 
ik'i'.,  O'liirniiA  Viiiviiai'^i  lli'ii'ifiict'.",  l'<>iiiktiiiii.'<,  C  ^^tMii^uv-H,  I'crruiiitil  t^uup,  Ac. 
Witli  iippciiUiJi,  Ar.    Oii.wii  8vi<.,cliilli      l.iiiiiliiii,  I■^'^tl.  .  .  .2  25 

I'lillllli'r  (<  •  I-'.)  Talilcuii  lie  ('ural't<'l'l'.'^  (|iii'  prt-aa-iiti'iit  u.11  Cliiiliiiiii'nu  It's  Hicitli.a,  li'.a 
li'inn  I'l  li'i  iiXyili'H  iiii'talliipii'!!,  .suit  ni'iil.'i,  null  aviw  lf»  roiuriifii.  Trailillt  ilu  I'Alleiiialiil 
pai  .SiiliiiT'i,     4Ui.     ran>,  1-il.S    .  .  .  .  .  .0  60 

— —    Tlie   L'»i;   nf   tin-   llluwpipu   111  the  UmilUntivi!  miil  yiimitilatlVB  Exiinilnulloii  uf 

Miiii'iaU,  (li'>."<,  fui'iiHCu  pi'ialiitts,  ikc.     8vii.     l.i'iiiluii,  l^'ill  .  ■  .     8  UO 

Fal«i«oii  (^a  It.)    Tlit'iii'ii.'  Mutlieiiialii|ue  ilu  U  cliult'iir.    M'n.    1S<)5  .  .    0  50 

I*<illill<'l.       K.lviiiviil.'i    ill'    rii.vi'iipii'   Kxpi'i'iiiu'iilali'  i't   ilc    iiu'lui  ii'luKii'.      Tine   ediliun. 

'2  Viiliii.iL'-i,  Svo.  lie  trxti' 1 1  1111  vi'luim' il.- 4il  pi.  Syii.,  4lii.     I'aiH,  ISi'ili  .  .160 

.l'l*i  <'•  ll  (,(.  .1.)     'ri'cliiiolKKisi'lic  KiK-yi'liipwilie  oiU'i'  iilpliHtx'tisi'lii's  IihiiiIIiucIi  iler  Ttoli- 
liiiliiKii'  iler  Tt'ClilUMclKii  C'liiiiik'  ui.il  tlt'i  Mnbi'liiiitiiMi'M'ria.     VuIh,  1  In  1».     bvu.,  Uliil 
plali'.s  fill.  ......... 

I'ritla'ilUX  (  r.  S.)     Op  Kciiii'iiiiy  of   Kiicl,  parlliiilai  ly  'Villi  lefiTi'lii'i!  tn  Heverlioratiiry 

Kui'iiiU' I  fill' till' .Muiiufacturc  nf  Iriiii,  .Hill  I'l  .^li  .1111  lli'ili'l.'i.     l'2ino.,  clutli    .  .1180 

Proill(\l.)     Ti'i'iitini' nil  t'lK'iiil'>ll'y,  Mttti'orulii|;y,  I  ll'.     Svo.  l.niiilnii  .  ,4  60 

(llirlcli  I  (.%.)     roMtlniis  ill!  I'liysiqiii.     8  viiIk.  I-'    o.     llnmiifN,  18.S4  .  -     '2  00 

ICuiniui'lwIicrir  (('.  I-'.)     I.rl'ilmcti  il-'*  ."Imlili     'lik'    uinl   ilrr  .'Vllgcmeilien  theuri'l.- 

KL'lieii  clii'iiui".    Svii.     Htillii,  l.vl'i  .  .  .  1  75 

■  AiirHiig8griiiiiltf  ilrr  qiiantitatlvtii  Mliit'r.il"ci''i  >i,  timl  .Mctullargi'.cli,  aQuytLacU'ii 

Clieniii' iliirch  Uelspiilo  iTlaiikrl.    Svn.     Ilciliii,  lS4,i  .  .  .178 

■  I.''i-fttiten  fur  ilie  (Jimlllativi-  I'lii'inlsoliti  Aimly-n',  niit  bi'soinleriT  Uui-ksiclit  auf 

U.  no:'c,  lluiidb.  (Ivr  uualyl.  C'liviiili',    Hvo.    JUurliii,  i>4;i      .  .  .  .    U  75 


12 


Standard  Scientific  Works. 


Ilniipail  (F«  V«)      Noaveau  FjrMtenie  ile   Chlmie  OrgAnlqtie,  fondo  sur  de  nouTetlef 

uietliodes  d'observivliona,  preceilc  d'uii  Tiiiile  coiiipld  sur  I'lirt  d'obscrTer,  de  mttiilpuler 
«ii  grHiid  et  en  petit,  dan»  le  luburiitoiru  et  sur  le  porle-ohjut  dii  microsciipe.  Deuxieine 
edition,  entierciiient  refoiidue,  uccoinpHftiiee  d'lin  iitliis  in-4  de  20  pliinclies  du  flgurei 
(Icssinees  d'aprea  nature,  gravces  et  colurlees  uveo  le  plus  grand  soln.  8  vols.,  8to.,  utias 
4to.    Paris,  ISiS  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .    T  5C 

— NouTenu  Systeme  de  Physiologie  vegetale  ei  de  Botanlque,  fonde  sur  les  inetJiodei 

d'ohscrvations  develuppea  <l::iis  le  nuuvcau  sysicine  de  cliiniie  organique,  acuonipagne 
de  60  planclie!)  content'    .   pres  du  1,00D  llgurus  d'anuiyse  dea^ineea  d'apres  nature  et   • 
gravoes  avec  le  plus  grand  soin.    'i  furta  vol.,  Svo.,  el  atlas  de  60  planches.    I'arla, 
1SS7  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .    7  60 

——^    I.e  mcme  ouvrage,  plancliea  colorlees  .  ,  ,  .  .  12  50 

Ue(*cha    Thcorie  Qenerale  sur  les  EOets  Dyiiainlqiie^  de  la  Clmlcur.    4to.,  avcc  planche. 

1364  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .    8  00 

RvK'nault  (lit  ■!•)  Cours  KIcinentaire  de  Chiinie,  n  I'usnge  dcs  Faculte!),  des  Ktablis- 
eoments  d'Enseigncincnt  Hecondairf ,  des  Euules  Nuriiialcs  et  dos  Kcules  Industrielles,  4 
vols.    12ino.    4th  edit.     Paris,  1^58-4        .  .  .  .  .  .    5  00 

— — —    Elements  of  Chemistry.     Translated  hy  Uetton  and  Taber.     2  vols.    Svo.    700 

woodcuts.     Philadelphia,  1S03      .  .  .  .  .  ,  .     7  50 

—— ^^—  Kelatioiis  ites  Experiences  cntrepris^j  pour  determiner  les  principales  lois  et  le» 
donnees  numeriques  qui  entrent  duns  1«  valcul  des  Machines  a  Vapeur.  4to.  Paris, 
1S47.    (Scarce.)  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  10  00 

Ciiurs  Kleiuentaire  de  Physique.    4vols.,lSmo.,  .mglals,  avec  figures  dans  le  tcxte. 

Sous  pre.<se       ......... 

An  Elementary  Treatise  on  Crystallography.  Illustrated  with  108  Wood  Engrav- 
ings, printed  on  blacii  ground.     «vo.     bondoJi,  1S4S  .  .  .  .     0  T5 

Premiers  Elements  de  Cliiuiie.    1  vol.,  18mo.,  avcc  figures  daus  le  textc.    Paris, 

ISoO  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .    1  25 

Heicliciibach  (Hnr"n  CItnrlca.)  Phy»lco-Physiological  Researches  on  the  Dyna- 
mics of  .Magnetism,  Electricity,  Heat,  Liglil,  Crystallisation,  and  Cheiiiism,  in  their  Uela- 
tions  to  Vital  Force.  The  complete  worii,  trim  tlie  tliriuu'i  second  edition,  with  additions, 
a  preface,  and  critical  notes,  by  John  Ashburner,  .M  II.  Svo.  With  woodcuts  and  one 
plate.     London,  1S5U      .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     3  00 

Rcid  (n.   H.)    Illustrations  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Ventilation,  with  remarks  on 

Wanning,  E.\clusive  Lighting,  and  the  C  ..iiiiuniialion  of  Sound.     Svo.     London,  1S44  .     4  SO 

-  —  Iludlnients  of  ChcmLilry,  with  illustrations  of  the  Chemistry  of  Du.ly  Life.    4tli 

e<lit.     IDmo.     London,  ISul  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     0  75 

Heprrtoire  de  IMiarmacio.    6  vols.    Svo.    1$4C-1850  .  .  .7  50 

Iticiiardson  (('.  ,}.)    Popular  Treatise  on  the  Warming  uud  Ventilation  of  Buildings. 

18  plates.     Svo.,  hi.  cf.     London,  lS:3t        .  .  .  .  .  .     2  00 

RIntOlll  (\,  \.)    A  (rulde  to  Painting  Photograpldc  Portraits,  Draperies,  Dackground, 

etc.,  in  Water  Color.     With  colored  diagrams.     12oio.     1555  .  .  .     0  50 

Roberts  (\V.  L.)     Scottish  Ale  Ilrewer  and  Maltster.    Svo.     Lonilon  .  .5(0 

Rubcrllion  (III)     A  General  View  of  the  Natural   History  of  the  Atnio.sphere,  tii.     2 

vols.,  8vo.,  cf.    EJinliurgli,  IsOS  .  .  .  .  .  .    2  00 

ROBV  (<!.)  Traitc  pratique  d'analyse  cldiiiiqiie,  suivi  de  tables  servant  dans  les  analyses 
a  calculer  la  quantile  d'uno  substance  d'apres  celle  qui  a  ete  trouvee  dans  one  autre 
Hulistance ;  traduit  de  rallenuind  sur  la  quatrienie  edition  par  A.  J.  L.  Jourdan.  Noii- 
velle  edition,  avec  des  notes  et  addillons,  p  ir  .M.  Peiigot,  professeur  de  chlmie  au  Con- 
servatoire des  arts  et  metiers.     2  vols.,  Svo.,  fig.     Paris,  1843 

-^^— —  Practical  Treatise  on  Cliemical  Analysis,  including  Tables  for  calcuhations  In  Ana- 
lysis.    With  notes  and  additions  by  A.  Nornianiiy.     2  vols.,  Svo.,  cloth.     London 

.\nalyllcal  .Manual  of  Chemistry,  by  <lrilHn.     Svo.     Lonilon      .  , 

Ausfuhrllches  Ilundbuch  der  Analytlselies  Cheinle.    2  vols.,  Svo.,  hf.  bound  calf. 


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H:ilie,  1S45       ......... 

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AlckLcmy.    Figuler,  6. 

Apparutua.    An  Explanatory  Diotionary,  1. 

Art«i  and  ~flaiiuf!ictii>-i-N.  Acken,  1. 
Braiiile,  2;  Doil<j,4;  Kxhibltion  Lectures,  5; 
Kiiii;lit,  b;  l/aliouliiye,  8;  Mackenzie,  i)\ 
Muspialt,  10;  Tuiiilliisrun,  It!;  Ui'f,  14. 

AMaySllff.  Ilcrthipr,  2;  Mitchell,  10)  Phil- 
lip.S  11;  Kylaiiil,  Vi. 

Dlo^vpi|t<*<    Bereellu^,  2;    GrI&iii 

pratt,  lit;  I'laliiit-r,  U;  Sasdkks,!    ; ::'     .     , 
12. 

Breu  iil<;'.  Accum.l;  Black,  2;  t/acamlirc, 
8;  Levu-que,  9;  Huberts,  12;  Tliutusoii,  13; 
Tiuurd,  18. 

Caoutchouc.     Manuel  Roret,  S. 

Chemistry,    Ilran(le,2;  Cavi't'dhli Society, 
8;    Olii'vallier  (Dictluiiary),  Ji;    Ciivi-r,  4;  ' 
Dali.m  (l.ile).  4;  Dumas  (Statiqiic),  5;  (ial- | 
low.'iy  (l)ia|.'i,ini).  5;   (iriltitli  (U''cj'c:ilii)n), 
6;  lli-iiry,  7;  (f.  S.  liilaire,  7;  Ji>liii<li)U,  7;  i 
Jiiy.'i',  8;  l.:iurent,8;  lielinianii,  8.   1,'lliTi-  I 
tier,  9;    l.eliijr.  9;    l-nw,  9  ;    Maokeiiiii.',  !t;  | 
MaricM-,11;    Mi.-su-r.O;    Mrl.lor,  In ;    Mur-  j 
ray,  lU;  Oilila,  In;  I'aris  ll) ;    I'elduie  ami  j 
Kreniy,    II;    I'r'ail,  II;    l!aiiiuielsliL'i\'.   II;] 
Ueiil.  I-';  ScliiieillerA  .Medliirk,  IS;  i^colTeni, 
12;   S.iii'e,  l.'J;    SweilLnliort',  13;    Tate,  13; 
Tlioinaun,  13;  WaiHon,  14. 

All'ily«iiM.  Barreswill  A  Soliritio,  1  ; 
Kreaeiiicis,  fi  ;  ('alloway,  .">;  GcrliaMl.  li ; 
Jnliiisiiii,  7;  Lii'liiK.'J;  Niia(l,10;  Nonnamly, 
10;  I'ariiell,  Id;  Kose,  12  ;  Vlolutte  et  Arcli- 
ambaiilt,  14;  Will  el  Liebig,  14  ;  Wobler,  14. 

'-^— A  111  mala    Oerzelius,  2;  Thotuaon,  13. 


Chemistry^  ElemontNof.  Gr,^ham,6; 
Kane,  8;  Miller,  9;  Murray,  10;  Itfijnault, 
12;  Tliomson,  13;    Turner,  14;   Weldon,  U. 

ElfiiiHufary.    Caliours,  8;  Da^uin, 

4;    Kyfe,  5;   Olover,  6;   {Jregorv,  0  ;   Mala- 
guiti,  9;  Uegnaule.  12;  Thenanl,  13. 

FIrat  Stepa.    GiUloway,  C. 

f>eiicral.     Baudrimont,  1 ;  Berieliui, 

2;  Pelonze  A  Freniy,  11. 

Hautlbook.    Ginelin,  6. 

Iliatory.    Iloerer,  7;  Thomson, 18. 

Inoreanic.     Campbell,  3  ;  l!eiieliu«, 

2;  Gnielin,  «;  Gregory,  6;   Outlines  of,  7; 
Ttiuni.son,  13. 


'  £.ecturc8.    Gurney,  6. 


—  Applied.    AjassondeGrandsaKne,  I; 

Annuairede  Cliiinie,  1 ;  Uarrui-l.l;  Hernay, 
2,  Knapp,  3;  Daguui,  4  ;  Uuinas,  f>;  Fraii- 
cwur,  .'i ;  lirahain,  6;  Kemp,  S;  Mialib',  0; 
MorHt.  Ill;  Mu-pratt,  lU;  Pariiell,  10  ;  P«yen, 
10 ;  Tliomsiin,  13. 

—  Agricultural.  Johnson, 8;  Kemp, 
8;  L;ebi(,',  9;  Malaguitl,  9;  Memoires,  9 ; 
Neabit,  Id;  Payen  et  Klcliatd,  In;  Sao:,  12. 

—  CaleeltiHin.    Graham,  C  ;  Ilorsley,  7. 

t'oiirw  rt  I  ec'0>>H.     Boutet  de  Mor- 

▼el,8;    Cubart,  8;   Gerhardt,  6;    liegnault, , 
11.  \ 


z T|  u  n  U  a  I  . '  Bernay,  2 ;   Brands,  8; 

Fyfe,  5  ;  Glover,  6. 

TInnlpuIaliou.  Faraday, 5 ;  Noad 

10;  Benoit. 

.Tlenioirs.     Dumas,  5;  Oraliam,  6. 

Non-ITIetllllir.     Faraday.  !>. 

Organic.    Bramle, 2 ;  Dumas. ."> ;  Oer- 

liardt,6;  Umelin,  (3;  G  n-t,'ury ,  0  ;  l.nwig,9; 

Millon,    9;     Kaspail,    IL';     'i'bumsun,    18; 

Wolff,  14. 

I'hil  -Nopliy.     Dalton,  4;  Daniel), 4; 

Davy,  4;  Webster,  14;  Weekes,  14. 

I'riictical.     Ilownian,2. 

I'rOirrcMN  Of.      lieriellus,  2;   I/ieblg 

and  K<i|)|i,  9. 

TreatiMC.    Orepory,  0. 

CryNtnlloerapliy.  Descloizeaux,4;  Lau- 
rent, 8;  Kegnanit,  12. 

Cofornand  I'aintina:-  Clievreul,3;  Oo- 
lorisle,  4. 

Cyclopu'dia.  Cooley,4;  Francis, .');  Pre- 
chtl,  11 ;  Thomson,  1;  Tomlinson,  13. 

DictiO'inry  (CliniiiicaS  <>tc.)  Cbeval- 
lier,  3;  Crabb,  4;  Hoefer,  7;  l-abnulave, 
8;  Lassaigne,  8;  Nesliit,  10;  Ottley,  10; 
Tollhausen,18;  L're,  14. 

DiatilliMff.  Dul>runraut,,^>;  Duplais.  .'i ;  La- 
cambre,  8;  Le.Normaiid,  9;  Morewood,  10. 

Dyciliar  and  Srourinir.  Berlbollet,  2; 
Blani'biuieni,  2;  Brande,  2;  Love,  9  ;  Na- 
pier. Id;  I'arnel,  Id;  Persoa,  11 ;  Kuuze,12; 
Smith,  13;  Thomson,  13. 


16 


Alphabetical  Index. 


I 


Electricity.  Decquerel,  2;  Chalmer!),  8; 
Oumiiilng,  4 ;  De  la  Hire,  4 ;  Ve  Boia  Kay- 
mood, 4;  VaradayiQ;  Harris, T; Matteuci, 9; 
Murpliy,  10 ;  Noad,  10. 

Electric-Telegraph.  Illghton,''.; 
Molgiio,  10. 

ElectrO'inctallliriBry*  Dorure,  4;  C,i\\- 
vanuplastie,  & ;  Gore,6;  NH|iiL'i,UI;  Uudc- 
Itui,  12 ;  Suiee,  13 ;  Walker  el  Fiiu,  14. 

Falsifications.  Chevalllor,  8 ;  llassall,  T  ; 
Uiireaux,  T;  Marcet,  9;  Mitchell,  10. 

Food.    See  I'aiii/lcatUm*, 

Gas.  Accum,  1 ;  ClegKi  4 ;  Knnpp,  8 ;  Journal 
of,  6;  Matthew.tid;  Peckntuii,  11 ;  Pelouze,  11. 

Geoloslcal  Chemistry.    UischoO',  2. 

Glue.    Culle9,4. 

Heat.  AYOftrailo,  1 ;  Cooper,  4  ;  Dove,  6  ; 
Uavarret,  6;  LarJner,  8;  Hetculfe,  9;  I'e- 
clet,  U;  i'olsson,  U  ;  Priileaux,  11  ;  Keecli, 
12 ;  lU'gnuult,  12 ;  TiiomsoD,  18 ;  WilUama,  14. 

Ink.    Encres,  4. 

]?Iagnetisni.    Becquerel,  2. 

ilkctt'orolotcy.  Arago,  1 ;  Cotte,  4;  Hop- 
kins, 7  ;  Huuzeau,''  •■  Howard,  7;  Kneinli,8; 
Lambert,  S  ;  Nicollet,  10  ;  I'ellier,  11  ;  Pouil- 
let,  II ;  I'rout,  11 ;  Kobertson,  12 ;  Subliie,  12. 

mineral  Waters.    Bouquet,  2 ;  Faure,  5. 

Optics  and  Light.  Biot,  2 ;  Brewster,  8 ; 
Cliiudet,  4 ;  Uu  Moncel.  5  |  Gorlmm,  6 ;  Har- 
dy, 7 ;  Hunt,  T  ;  Kyan.  S  ;  UgM,  9 ;  Muigno, 
10;  Scaniini,  12;  Scoffern,  13. 

Perfumery.    I'iesse,  11. 

(Pharmacy'.  Deschnnip.-i,  4;  Ooebel,  6; 
Uuibourt,  G;  Jourdaln,  8;  Pliarmaceutlcal 
Journal,  11;  Uepertolre  de,  IS :  Boubeiran, 
U;  Wit(st«lD,14. 


Pharmacopeia.  Oodez,  4 ;  New  London, 
11 ;  Trousseau  and  Rereil,  14. 

Photography.  Bsrreswll  and  Davanne,  1 ; 
Blanquart,  2;  Breblsson,  3;  Clievalller,  8  ; 
Cutidall,  4;  David,  4;  Delninotte,  4 ;  Ue- 
DoiiKe,  4;  Dlsderl,  4;  Fau  b;  Uaudin,  6; 
Hr.r<:wlcke,  7;  Heath,  7  ;  Hennah,  7;  ller- 
ling,  "  Howlctt,  7;  Hunt,  7;  Lacaf,  8; 
Lcgr-  o  ;  Lerebours,  9  ;  I.nnir.  9  ;  Mar- 
tens ,  Ulntoul,  12;  Sutton,  13,  Thorn- 
thwu.te,  13. 

Physics,  Alme  Martin,  1  ;  AJasson  de 
(IriindsuKnc,  1;  ArchainbuuU,  1;  Ulot,  8; 
Ilinl,  2  ;  llnutigny,  2  ;  Brown,  8  ;  Citbart,  8  ; 
Coulonib,4;  CuTler,4;  Daguln,4;  De»alnH,4; 
Durand.A;  Pau  and  OheTalller,  5;  Oanot,fi; 
drove,  6;  (Iruyer,  6;  Gultard,6,  Hinds, 7; 
Julicn.S;  Lame,  8;  Lardncr,  8;  Lieblg,  9; 
McGauley,  9;  Muller,  lo;  Peelef,  11  ;  Pou- 
illet,  1 1 ;  Quetelet,  11 ;  ReKnaull,  12 ;  Kelchen- 
bach,  12;  ScolTern,  18;  Sooresby,  1"  dou- 
beiran,  13  ;  Thieine,  18. 

Platlna.    Dlllard,  2. 

Polarization.  Blot,  2 ;  Pereira,  11 ;  Wood- 
w<ird,  14. 

Precious  metals.    Faucher,  5, 

Pyrotecbny.    Chertler,  8. 

Rural  Economy.  Bourhardat,  2 ;  Boua- 
Blngault,  2. 

Safety  Lamps  iTor  miners.    Dary,  4 ; 

Knapp,  8. 

Sugar.  Baudrlmont,  2  ;  Kerr.  8 ;  Scoffern,  18 ; 
Shier,  13. 

Ventilation.  Arnntt,  1 ;  Dunn,  0  ;  lied- 
ley,  7;  Hood,  7j  Mather,  8;  Reld,  12; 
Richardson,  12. 

Weavlii?*   Etoff'  ImprlmMi,6;  Persos,!!. 


m 


m 


Ion, 


,6; 

llcr- 

8; 

far- 


which  the  Tost  Office  regulations 


)  cover 
require 


CHEMISTRY,  ELECTRICITY,  PHYSICS, 

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Abel  &  Rloxnm.    Handbook  of  Clieraistry.     2n(l  Eilition.    8vo.     I^ndon,  1858        .        .$4  00 
Agriculture,  Hint*  on.    By  Cecil.     I»ii(ion.    8vo.     1.S58        .        .        •        .        .  100 

AlcRli  (M.)     Kssai  siir  rimliistiio  d'^-i  raatiores  textiles  comprciiant  Ic  travail  ilu  coton,  etc. 

8vo.  et  atlas  deae  planches.     I'ails.     185'J  .  .  .  .  .  .8  00 

Allnlii.    Klcments  de  Cliimie.    8vo.     Paris.     1857  .  .  .  .  .100 

BakvweU.    M.imml  of  Electricity.     3id  lOditic.n.     12mi>.     1859  .  .  .  100 

Barral  (J.)    nrainage  des  terreH  Arables.    'Jo  Edition.    Tome9l,2,  3.    12mo.,  avec  nom- 

breiiseK  (igurej.     Turis.     1850-67.  .  .  .  •  .  .  .     4  60 

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Ilarretwill  tt  Dnvnniic.     Cliimie  riiotojfrapliique,  contenant  les  elements  do  Cliim. 

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Bnaact  (IV.)    Traite  complet  d'alcooli.sation  Gencralo.    2o  Edit.     18mo.    I'aria,  1857        .      1  '6b 

— —    Tiaite  do  la  fcrmoiitation.     ISmo.    rari8,lb67  .  .  .  .        .      1  68 

— — —    Chimie  de  la  ferme.    Lecons  farailieres,  etc.     12mo.,  figures.    Paris,  1858  .     100 

Ilccquercl     I'esv.me  do  iriistoire  do  releeliicile  ct  du  Maffnetisme  et  des  applications  de 

cos  sciences  a  1,1  Chimie,  Bii^  sciences  natuielles  eta  I'industrie.  8vo.  Paris,  Iba-i  .    135 

.>^iiile  au  Trait*  de  I'Eleotricite.     3  vol- .    8vo.  5  40 

Beer  (A.)     Introduction  a  la  Haute  optiqne,  Traduitde  I'alloniand  par  Fortbommf.    8vo., 
avec  i  planches  et  ligurcs.     Paris,  1858  ...... 

Billet  (H.)    Traite  d'Optique  Physique.     2  vols.  8vo.,  kvec  14  planches,    Paris,  1858    , 

BlU'hofr.     Elements  of  Chemical  and  I'hysicKl  tieology,    Tr:iM>^lntoi'.  by  Paul  and  I'runi- 
nmnd.     Vols.  1,2,  3.    8vo.     London,  1854-59.     Publishi'd  by  the  Caveiidinh  Siciety     . 

Blavler.    Cours  de  Telegrapliie  Kloctriqu*.     12mo.,  avec  planches  et  figures.    Paris,  1S57 

Bouclirrle«    Memoiiesur  la  conservaticm  des  Pois.    8\o.    I'aris,  1857 

Boullleta    Dictionnaire  universelle  des  tfciences,  des  I.ettres,  et  des  Arts.   4eme.  Edit.  8vo, 
Paris,  1868 

Bollry&Paul.    Manual  of  Technical  An- lysis.     12nio.  figures.    I/mdon,  1857 
BonMliiK<>>l">    Rural  Economy;  in  its  Ueliiti.m  with  Chemistry,  Physics, and  Meleorolocry. 
Hy  .1.  It  Houssingaiilt,  Moiubor  of  the  Institute  of  Kraiuu.   2iid  Edition,  with  Notes,  care- 
fully revised  and  corrected.    8vo.,cliith  boards.    lx)ndon,18!5  .  .  .        . 
BoUMliigault.    Ml inoirid  de  Chimie  Agricole  et  de  I'hysiologie.     Svo.     Paris,  1 854 
Boutet  fie  Noiivel.     Cours  de  Chimie.     4e  Edt.     P.mo.,  avec  figures.     Pnris,  1859 

• Notions  de  Physique.    4emo  Edit.     I'.'mo. ,  avec  figi  .cs.     Paris,  1859 

Bonllxny  (Ml  P.  II>)     Etudes  nur  Us  corps  a  i'itat  spheroidal,  nuuvelle  binnche  de 
physique,     oome  edition.     Paris,  1857  ....... 

Bowman  (J.  BJ.)    lutroductiou  to  I'ractical  Cemistry.    3rd  Edition.  12mo.  London,  1858 
Brnnston.    Cyclopodea  of  Practical  Hecoipts.     New  ediiion.     Liuidon,  1856 
■    ,    ,    .      Handbook  (if  Practical  Hecoipts.    2nd  ediiion.    London,  IS'iii 

Mailllere  Brothers,  440  Broadway,  JV,  1*. 


2  70 

3  60 

11  60 

1  68 

7t 

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I  36 

4  60 

1  68 

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1  68 

1  80 

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1  86 

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18 


Sfnudard  Scicntijic   Works. 


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Brcttes  (M.  lie)     Apimroils  ('liroiui  Klcclriiini'i  a  limluctiuii,  a|>i)licubloa  auxcx|iprirncPD 

balintiiiiuN.     8vo. ,  avro  4  |ilaii(!l»'«.     I'aiis,  ISiiS      .  ,  .  .  .  .  $2  OC 

Brewiiier  (Sir  U.)     Kalciilnsc.iiM';  its  history,  llipory  and  cunstniction  and  appliciitiim 

ti>  till*  Hill' III!  I  iMffiil  iii'ts.     'Jill  Klitliin.     I'.mo.     liomluii,  1868  .  .  ■  .     1   AC 

nrnwii  (S.)     I^>utun-s  nil  the  Atiiinic'riipiiiy.  witli  Kssnys.     'J  vols.,  I'iino.    I»ndon,  1)^&T    4  00 

lluiii«ii  (R.l     Mi'lhuili's  (Jiizi'ini'triqin's.  Trailuit  jinr  >'chiiei(ler.    8ro.,  avec  figures.  I'nris, 

18.-(H ]   8C 

nuimrii.    (iii^iiinetry;  (•mnprisinit  tho  U'iic\ii'i{  nitmicftl  ond  I'liysical  iirojiertiea  of  (!n»eH, 

ti>i;i'.lior  witli  the  iiiplliiidH  of  tiHK  Aiiiilysis.     8vii. ,  li){uriM.  Sindon,  jK57  .  .     2  '2i 

BuriK'tti    Tjllaii^f,  a  substitute  fur  Manure.     I'jmo.  I.iuidon,  .  .    1  85 

Culral  (J.I     I'niirie  Karmmg;  in   Aniprina;  with  Notes,  by  iii  y,  on  Canada  and  tliu 

I'liiic.l . "States.     I'Jmo.     London,  1S5!)  .  .  .  .  .  .     1  OC 

Cameron.    CMiPinistry  of  Agricultui-e.     8vo.    Dublin,  186;  ,  .  .  .  .    1  OC 

Cani|llirll.  A  I'ractioal  Text-BiHik  of  liioiyauic  Oii'inistiy,  incliidinff  the  preparation  of 
.■^uli-l.iiiciM,  .■iml  tlic'r  Qiiuli!iiti\'o  iiml  yiiantitiilive  Analyses,  willi  OiKanic  Analyses,  lly 
iMicald  Campbell,  Demonstrator  of  I'ractical  themi»try  to  the  UnivoiBily  College.  rJmo, 
I,nii,l,,n,  I84U .  .     1  62 

Caatro  (tie.)    I/Klectricile  et  les  Oiem'ns  de  fer;  description ot  exnmen  de  lousles  Kyslemea 

proposes  ]ioiir  eviter  les  accidents  aux  C'liemiiis  de  fer,  etc.     "Jvids.  ,8vo.    I'aris,  IS.i'J     .     4  OC 

Cltall<>toii  (do  Briighat.)     IHslaTourbo.     Ktudes  sar  !(M  combustible*  einploves  dans 

1  iiiduslne.     8vo.     I'aris,  1858  .  .  .  .  .  .  '.  .166 

Chalmrrs  (C.)     KiectroClieinistry,  with  positive  resultn;  and  Notes  for  inquiry  on  (lie 

Science  of  lieoliijfv  and  A.-trononiy,  etc.     8vo.    H^jiires.     Ixiiidon,  IS.'iK         .  .     1  OC 

CUttpniaii.  A  llrief  Ilescription  of  theriiaracteis  of  Minerals;  forminR  a  familiar  Intro- 
doctii'ii  to  tlieSe.ier.ee  of  Miiieralo)ty.  liy  KiUvard  J.  t'hapniaii,  I'lofessor  iu  the  Univer- 
sity of  Toronto  (I'aniida).     I'.'ino.,  with  li  plates.     Uindoii,  1844  .  .  .     1  2S 

Cliapinan*  I'lartical  Mineralofry ;  or,  a  Compendium  of  tli  dislinguisliliii;  riinraelers  I'f 
Mini  nils;  by  wliieli  the  Name  of  any  Ppeeies  oi  Variety  in  the  Mineral  Kinncioni  niiiv   lie 

sp lily  ascer'.'V. lied.     Hy  I'M  ward  J.  Chapman      8vo.  with    1^   eiigraviii(;s,  *lio\viMu: -TO 

specimens,     l/indoii,  1843      .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     2  10 

CUapinaii.  labels  for  the  Mutual  Conversion  of  Krench  and  English  Measures,  ineliiilin(» 
11.  w  all  1  simple  Methods  of  ApproxiHiatioii  for  general  purpose.s.  By  Edward  .1.  Cliap- 
111  III.     S'o.  1,  Measures  of  l,eiigUi.     On  a  card  .  .  .  .  .        .         30 

Chemical  S<K-le<}r  of  IiOiidon,  Quarterly  .Inurnal  and  Transactions  of,  Vids  1  to  <.). 

hv.i      LniiLiii.     Keduced   to             I'er  vol.  in  I'arts            .            .            .  .  .     'J  00 

"r  in  cloth                  .            .            .            .            .            .            .            .  .  ,     'J  50 

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ChrmlHtr}"  of  Artificial  lilght.    12mo.    I»ndon,  18.56           .           .  '.  .60 
ChcHiicl  (tie.)     Diclinnnaire  de  Technologie,  Wvmologie  el  definitions  des  terms  emploves 

dans  les  Arts  et  Metiers.     2  vols.  (ir.  8vo.     I'aris,  1858      .             .            .  .  .0  8^ 

Chevalier.  Mettiodes  photograpliiques  perfect ionnes.  I'apier  sec  albumin,  coUodconsec, 
ell'.     Optique  photographique  et  btereoscopique.     8vo,     I'aris,  185U 

Chcv'tlicr.  Dictiimnnire  des  alterations  et  Kalsilicatiuns  des  substances  alimentairus, 
111.' lii'ainentenses  et  commerciales,ctc.     3e  Hiition.     2  vols.  8vo.     I'aris,  1857-58 

Chcvrenil.  Iaws  of  Contrast  of  Color  ;  ond  their  application  to  the  Arts.  Translale.l  by 
SpMitiin.     New  edition,  with  illustrations  priiiteil  in  colors.     I'Jmo.     l./iiidou,  Ibu'J 

ClcftU  (S.)  Practical  treatise  on  the  Manufacture  of  Coal  (jas.  Si'd  Edition.  4tu. ,  illustrat- 
e.l.     l/mdon,  ISo'.t         .......... 

ConniiiKtoii  (K.  T.)     A  Hand-Book  of  diemical  Analysis  based  on  the  4th  Edition  of 
"  Wills'  Cheiii.  Anal."     12ino.     Ix)ndyii,  ISo'J       ...... 

•— — —    Tables  for  Qualitative  Analysis  to  accompany  the  above.     12mo.     Ixindon,  1850  . 

Coulvier  (Gravler.)  Kecherches  sur  Ics  Meteores  et  sur  les  luis  qui  les  regissent.  8vo. , 
el  litliiiK'raplies.     I'aris,  ISa'J  ......  .  . 

CroHiiC.  Mi'imirials,  Scientific  and  Literary  of  Andrew  Cros.se,  tlie  Electrician.  12mo. 
l»'iidon,  1857  ......  .... 

DoKulii  (P.  A.)  Traite  elementaire  do  Physique  Theorique  ct  Experimentale  avec  les  ap- 
plications a  la  Meteorologie  et  aux  Arts  ludustriels.  2  vols.,  8vo.,  uvec  aOO  gravure.s. 
I'aris,  1855-58  .......... 

Damourette  (J.  P.)  Resistance  do  la  fonto  de  Fer  a  la  compression.  Colonnes  en  fontc 
liefer.   8vo., avec  .'i  planches.     I'aris,  1858  .  .  .... 

Da'vjr.  Fragmentary  Hem.  .,  Literary  and  Scientific,  of  Pir  Hiimidirey  Pavy,  Bart.;  with 
a  sliPlch  of  his  life,  etc.,  by  his  brother  John  Davy,  M.I).    8vo.     London,  1.S5 8     . 

De  la  Rive  (A.)  A  Trealisa  on  Electricity  in  Theory  and  Practice.  3  vols.,8vo.,  illustra- 
ted     l/indon,  185.'t-88.  ......... 

.  (A)  Traite  d'Electricite Theorique  et  Applique.    StoU.,  8vo.,  avec  gravures.    Paris, 


185:^8 


1  25 

3  37 

1  2f 

8  60 

2  00 

67 

2  70 

2  26 

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TS 

2  U3 

19  80 

0  00 

BaiUiere  JBrathera,  440  Broadway,  JV.  1*. 


Stmidard  Sciendfic   IVorfcs. 


19 


I/?conii  lie  riiyHiiiuo.      Tome  lor.  lirao.,  avi'C  Ajjures.      r«riit,  1857        .11  60 
Maiiuul  I'ratique  d'Aniilysu  Clijmique.      2  vuIh,  8vo.,  avec  QKure^<.     I'lirin, 

Ktudcs  Thcoriqiies et  Pratique  sur  lea  Pioprletes  do  I'Acier,      18nv>., 


Oetnlna  (P.) 

Duacliampsi 

IHfiH 

Deaanye  (J.  II.) 

I'lir-s  IHf.'.t 

DIckaiiii.    t'liity  of  tho  I'liysical  Scicnci'M,  Boiiig  uu  Kiiquiry  into  the  Couscii  of  firavilutiuu 
iii\d  I'olarity.     8vo. ,  Iiouilon,  185U        ,.,.,.,, 

Dorr.    I.C0OIH  de  Chiinio  Klementaire  Appliquo   nux  arts  InJusilrlcla.    3  vols.,  avec  figures, 
I'ariM,  lS8a-57 . 

D'OrvauIt.    I/OfHciiio  on  Roportoi™  (Jouoial  do  I'lmrmacle  I'rallque.      Beme.  Klit.  avco 
Knivuics,  8vo.,  I'uris,  1858,  dumi  rolio  ....... 

Ourminy 
K'litiiiri. 


Traito  ('nui|iU't  do  Mincralogie.  4  vola.,  in  8vo.,  and  Atlag  do  "60  planches. 
I'iiris,  1800-58  .....  .  . 


Dnmnii  iSi  BiinaHliinult.   Thu  (1ioiiiic.il  ami  I'liysiological  Hiilancc  of  OrKiinlo  Nature  •  i 
K^.tav.     Ily.l.  DlMAHariJ  J.  U.  Ujl   ■il.VdAUU,  .MeniUora  of  tliu  lii.slituto  of  Kraiice.   1vol., 
IJiiio,       l,.)n.lon,   1844  ......... 


Dn  niiHicel  (Th.) 

l':l|-H,  lS,')0-57 


K-    -le  do9  Applications  do  rEloctricito.    3  vola.,  Svo. ,  avcc  pljiiichos 


Du  BloiiC't'I.    K.tud(>  du  Ma!{ncti»mo  ctd"  rKloctin-.Magnotisrat'  au  point  do  vuo  de  la  t'on- 
htnietion  cUm  Kli'dro-AlmantH.      8vo. ,  Pans,  ISf)'.!  .  .  .  .  . 

DlipluW  (P.)      Traito  de-i   liiqiinuM  ot  do  la  ilisliUation  dos  Alcool«.  ou  lo  l.iriiioristo  et  lo 
di^nllati'iir  .Miidoriio.i,  contonant,  L'tc.     :Jo  Kdition.    1!  vols.,  Svo.     Vor.saillcs,  1858 

Dlipli'X  iO,)     Matter,  its  Forms  and  Ooverning  Laws.     I'.'mu.  lAiiidun,  l.S.'iti 

Kiiry^lo|H'(lia  Ilrltaiiiiica.     8th  Kiliticn.      Vol.s.  1  to  14.      4to.      hmdoii,  1853-59. 
IVr  vol.  

Biit'y('Io|M>(Ile  Partiqiio  de  PAciriculture,  publid  pur  V.  Pidot  frcros  sous  la  direction  do 
M.  1,.  .Mull.      Tnnios  1  (.'i  2  in  8vo.     Avuc  nombreusos  gravures.      ParU,  1859.      thu<iiie 
v<  liiino  ...  ...  ..... 

l.'OuvrnifO  aura  15  vols,  environ. 

Kn^Iish  Eiiry<-lopt'dia. — .\rt3 and  Science.'!.  Vol.s.  1  and 2.,  U.  Svo. ,  illustrated.  I.ondi.n, 
^r^:>h    I'iicU  Viii.         .......... 

Will  bo  c'ijni|j!<'tiHl  in  4  vols. 

EiUlrra   b'ftri's  a  iinc  Priiii'os^cir.MIcinacrne  «iir  divers  sujots  de  Physique  et  de  '"       isophie 

aver  oluL'i; 'I'Kuler  par  Condorcct.     2  vols.     12mo. ,  avec  liijures.     I'ari-,  H 
Fariulny.     F.Aperiniental  Hesoarches  into  Chemistry  and  Physics.    8vo.  London,  1859 
Figiilor  (It,)      Kx|ic)siti(jn  et  Hisloire  des  Principales  Decouvertes  Scicntillquesmodcrnes. 
Tif  Ivlit.     4  vols.,  12ino.,  aveo  ligures.     Paris,  1858  .  .  .  .  . 

Figiier  (Ia.)  I/Aun*e  Scientiflquc  et  Industrlello.    lore.  Annee,  liino.,  Paris,  1857.  Nouv. 
Idit.     lS5<.t       ........... 

•Jeniii  .Viiiiei.     2  vols  ,  I'Jmn. ,  Paris,  1858  ...... 

oeino  An.iiiii.     1  vl.  l;;ui ). ,  Paris,  185'.)  ...... 

Foiitenellc   ft   Illalpeyre.     Xiuvimu  Manuel  de  physique  amusante.     Xouv.  Edit. 
I'Jnio.,  avei.' planches.     Paris,  1K5'J     ....... 

Fowiies.  Manual  of  Klementary  chemistry.  7th  edit.  l2mo.  illustrated.  London,  1853 
Fi'fsriilua.  Instr  ictions  in  Clieinical  Analysis.  Qunlitative.  5tli  edit.  Ixmdon,  lb5'J  . 
Gallu^vny,  R.     llaiiual  of  IJnalitativo  Analysis.     2nd  edit.     I/indon,  18,57 

Citniiot.     Cinirs  do  Pliysiquo  puroniont  expcrimontale  k  I'usage  des  (lens  du  Monde.    12ino. 

avee  nonibieiises  tij^ures.     Pans,  1S58  ....... 

Gniiot,  A.     Traild  eleniontairode  Pliysique  Kxp^rimentale  et  appliqui,  et  de  M6IAnrologie, 

avec  uii  rec:eiiil  de  nonibreux  probl6'.neo.     8enio  edit.     12mo.,aveo  nombreuses  tigures. 

Paris,  1S58         ........... 

Oavurret,  •!.     Trail*  de  I'Electr'cit*.     2  vols.     ■I2mo. ,  avoc  li(;»res.     Paris,  1857-58 
Gciilllluii,  Ei    TniilA  complct     ar  la  fabrication  dcs  6tcilfes  de  snie  analysA  depri-i  par 

dcL'  ■*<  dans  toules  les  phases  on  la  Roie  a  pas.sie  ju«q'a  son  entiire  execution  en  ololfo 

fal)riquee.     4to.,  avec  tableaux      Paris,  1859  ...... 

Gcrhanit  ct  Chancel.    Precis  d'annlyse  chitnique  quantitative,  i  I'usage  des  medocins, 

des  jiharniaciens,  etc.     12nio.,  avec  gravures.     Paris,  1S5S  .  .  .  . 

__  PrAcis  d'analyse  Qualitative.     Pinio.,  avec  g.^vuies.     Paris, 1S55 

Uniolin,  tJ      Handbook  of  Clieinistry,  translated  by  II.  Watts.    Published  by  Cavcndi.sh 
Sic"iy  of  Lundon.     London,  1848-59. 
Vol!  1 .  out  of  print,  very  scarce. 
Vol.  2  to  d      .  .  .  •  ■  .  ■  ,  .  •  , 

Vol.  7,8,9, 10 

Vol.  11,12 

Goasiii    (Ij.)     I.'AKrIeultnre  franfaise.     Principles   d'apnculture  appliquis  aux    direrscs 
parties  de  la  France.     4to.,  avec  un  carte  et  225  planches.    Paris,  IKS'? 


2  70 

1  00 

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3  37 

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6  86 

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3  37 

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5  50 


1  58 


2   70 


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2  43 
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1  50 


1   58 
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0  o^ 

1  80 
1  13 


12  00 
14  00 

9  oe 


13  M 


nailUere  Brothers,  440  Broadway,  *T.  l* 


20 


Standard  Scientific   Works. 


Klcmfnt^  (if  t'liciiiistiy  ;  iiicUiiliiifc  I'm  ApiilicnliDn  of  tlie  Sc'^nco  in  the  Ait<i. 

"lint,  Iiilc)  I'nifi'ssdi' of  I'licm 


Ornliam. 

lly  T.  (irahiiin,  K.H.S.,1,.  Jt  K.,'Miist«i-  of  tiic  Mint,  liilo  I'mfi'ssdi-  of  Hicmi  ;'ry  ut  Uiiivcr- 
Kitv  ('<il!(>i;e,  I/iiuUin.  'Jml  cilitioii,  reviaetl  aiul  eiilargi'il,  copiouHlv  UlutitiutoU  wi:h 
wood  cutH.     2  volt.    8v.).     1860,  1857  .  .  .  .      '     .  .  $10  09 


Vol.  II.  cilited  byH.  Wattd,  M.C.;^.,ft|)aratc1y.     1857 

tjirumli     Eludi's  cini  pain  live  ile  deiix  syitAines  do  cliauiTHg«  ot  ventilation  k  I'llft;  ital  la 


Svo.     Tails,  185(J 
\u  Nystiiiie  de  clmufiage  ot  de  ventilation  ♦tabll  par  Van  IKcUo  duns  I'liApi- 


llllioixioi'O 

Kind 

tal  Ik'HUJon.    «vi>.     l*aii«,  1857 

— —    Siir  la  coimtnirtinn  et  TassainisHcmont  des  latrinen  et  fo.sfieii  d'aisancc 
plunoliOH.     I'arln,  1850  ....... 

Oregjt.    Sii|»j;p,stion.s  as  to  the  employment  of  a  Novum  Organum  Momliiim, 


8vo. 
Svo. 
For  the  uao  of  Sludt'ul.H.    4th 
4th.  edit.    12mo 


avoo 


l.'in- 
odit. 
l.on- 


iloii,  1851) 
Orvgoty,  W.    Handbook  of  Inorganic  Chemistry. 

l^mo     l/milon,  1857  .... 

•——    Handbook  of  Organic  Ciiemlstry.    For  tho  use  of  Studenta. 

don,  ll>.i7         ........... 

OrlfHii  ^F.Wt)     A  Compendium  of  Qualitative  Analysis,  from  the  Simplest  to  the  most 

Conipl-x  CasiH,  anangi'd  in  a  St'iios  of  Kight  Tables.    4to.     london,  1868 

CJrove.    tx)rielat ion  des  forces  Physiques,  par  Moigno.     Svo.     Paris,  1850 

Oronvfllc  ct  JnuiifZ> — (inidc  du  cliaulfi-ur  et  du  propridtaiio  de  machines  k  vapour 
4e  edit.    Svo. ,  avec  Alias.   6'.' planches.     Paris,  1860  .  .... 

Hancock,  T.  Personal  narrative  of  the  Origin  of  the  Caoutchouc  or  India  I'.ubbcr  Manu- 
facture in  KnL'land.     Svo.     Willi  engravings.     I/Ondiai,  1857  .... 

Hanlwlch,  T.  F.    A  manual  of  Photographic  Cliemistry.     5th  Edit.   Ix^ndnn,  1850 

Hariiioiiious  Coloring  of  Photogruphs.    I'.'mo.    I.ondnn,  1850  , 

Henry,  Oaiinn.  Trait*  p,  itique  d'analyse  chimique  des  eaux  niinoralcs  potables  et  ccon- 
oiniques  avftf  ieuis  princi  ales  applications,  etc.     Svo,  avec  figures.    Paris.  IS.'iS 

Heuze,  G.    M.itiires    fertilisante.s,  engrais  solides,liquide8,  natureU  et  artiflciels.    Scmo 
edit.     Paris,  1S59        .......... 

Hoef<'r«    Dictionnaire  de  Chimie  et  de  Physique.    3e  edit.     Paris,  1857 
Janiln,  J,    fours  do  Physique  do  I'Kcole  Polytechniquc.    Svo.   vols  1  et  2,  avpc  figures. 
I'aiis,  185S-59. 
I.'ouvraga  aura  3  vols.,  le  3emo  volume  payable  i  I'avanco        .... 

Jobcrt  tic  Lainballc.  Des  appareils  iiectriqucs  des  poissons  Alectriqnes.  8vn.,avec 
Atlas  de  11  plauclies  in  fol.     Paris,  1858  ...... 

JohH8on,  O.  W„  The  Chemistry  of  the  World  ;  being  a  popular  explanation  of  tho  Phe- 
nomena daily  occurring  in  ami  around  our  persons,  houses,  etc.    I'Jmo.  Ix)ndon,  l!S50 

Johnaoni    The  Chemstry  of  Common  I.ifo.     New  edition.   '2  vols.   P.irao.    I/indon,  1^50 

Klements  of  a,jricuUural  Chemistry  and  Geology.   7th  edit.   12mo.     I/mdon,  1850    . 

Kiemtm,  Ij.  Ft  Co  irs  comp'.ftt  de  M*l4orol(<gie,  traduit  et  annotA  par  Martins  avec  un 
appendice  par  I.alai  no.     I'Jmo.,  avec  planches.     Paris,  1858.         .... 

KtemtX.  A  Completi  C.inrse  of  Meteorology.  By  I..  F.  Ka^nitz,  Profes.sor  of  Physics  at 
at  the  I'niversity  of  Halle.  With  Notc-s  by  Charles  Martins,  and  an  Appendix  by  1,.  Ijj- 
lane.  Translate<l  with  Additions,  by  C.  V.  Walker.  1  vol.,  post  8vo.,  pp.  6'J4,  with 
15  plates,   cloth   boards.      1845  ........ 

Knapp,  Ronalda,  and  Rlchanlsoitt  Cliemistry  in  its  Application  to ''le  Ans  and 
Manul'actures.  Fuel  and  Us  v4pp(ica(»ori»,  embracing  Coal,  its  Structure  and  Products, 
fias,()il,  Siiermaccti,  &c,,Hnd  their  Application  to  purposes  of  Illumination,  I.iglitlioust'S, 
Jtc,  Resin,  Wax,  Turpentine,  Peat,  Woml,  Stoves,  &c.  Hy  I'rs.  Honaidsand  Kichard.son, 
Svids.,  Svo.,  most  fully  illustrated  with  4.'!3  engravings  and  4  plates.  (lieing  tho  i!nd 
Blition  of  Vol.  1.,  in  two  parts,  of  Knapp'a  Technology.)        .... 

The  Authors  nf  thU  Edilinn  tn  their  Preface  lay :  "  So  rapid  has  been  the  flrmvlh.  and  so 
fP'eal  the  icelopment  nf  ihe  branches  nf  Manufacture  more  iuiimalely  a/nntcleil  u-ith  Fuel.lhul 
in  prefarinq  a  fA-orvi  EliHnn.  we  have  fnunl  it  neceisary  not  inly  to  reivrile  much  if  tlte 
original,  but  tn  c.-'-'nl  sn  cnn-Hlcralily  Ihe  limits  nf  the  tint  !)coup  as  tn  ^jctvpy  the  entire  nf  this 
rolume,  lohich  n.«'i  therefnre  with  far  grecUer  propriety  be  called  a  New  Work  thanaiiecond 
EdUion." 

I         —    V<d.  T.  part  ni.  Ointainiag  the  Alkalies  and  Earth.   By  Riohardson  and  H.  Watts. 

In  the  Press. 
Knapp,  Ronalds,  and  Richardson.     V(d.  11.  Svo.      Of  Chemistry  applied  to  tho 

Arts  anil  Manufacture'!,  contains  lilass.  Alum,  Potteries,  Cement,  Gypsum 
Knapp,  Ronalds,  and  Richardson.      Vol,  HI.  8vo.     of  Chemistry  applied  to  the 

Arts  and  Manufactures,  contains,  Koisi  generally,  Hread,  Cheese,  Tea,  CofTee,  Tobacco, 

Milk,  Sugar.     Hoth  the.se  volumes  are  extensively  illustrated  with  col6red  plates 


OU 
60 
50 
75 

7t 
80 

■:-i 
no 

80 


2  25 

3  00 
2  00 

76 

2  70 


2  00 

1  00 

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2  28 

1  62 

3  15 
1  80 

1  36 


3  26 


9  00 


4  00 


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BttiUi^re  Brothers,  440  Broadway,  JV.  W 


Sfanilard  Scirntijic  Works. 

Kurr  (J,  U,)    Tlic  Mineral  Kini{ilipm.      1  vnl  ,  f,.|i»,  wiHi  -J'J  plates  Klii.wliig  odlnrwl  illiia- 
tmtic.iis  III  lliu  iiiiHl  liii|i(.rliiiit  JliiiiTuU  and  rcliifactiDiin.     Kcliiiliur((li,  ISfiU 


21 


t8 


Tlic  saino.     KroMcli  Kditinn.     I'nrN,  ISflU 


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liUflri'y.    (liiniU>ftiPiiliiiu6c  Mil  vitlcultiiri'.   I'.'thci.    I'arls,  IR.'T 
liUiiilriii.     Triilld  do  I'aeier.    Tliiorie, 


l^,V,i 


I'tiillurtslo,  travail  praliciucs,  etc.   IStnn    I'mi', 

• Hii  I'lnmli,  (le  Kdn  Slat  dans  la  iifttiirp.  I'Jnm.   rails,  1857, 

Lanlnvr.    ll.indbiHiU  of  Xatnral  l'liil(wci|diy.     Vol.  4.    Klentricily,  Mnptnc'.ism,  Acniislli'*. 

I'.niii.,  Willi  wiMidoul'i.     Ixmdiin,  IKOO 
I^ianlnt'i- (D.)    nicmistry  fur  HcluHds,   I'.'nio.,  wllli  170  iUurttmlicnH,     I^ondon,  1>*5!I 
liUSroillc.    l!c|)fit(iir.' nAiiAiale  dp  l'lioliii,'ni|)lile.    I'.'mi).    I'uiis,  1H68         . 
K>auHi'l   (A.)    KtiitUMS'lcntillcincH.   I'Jino.    Paris,  IRrill    ..... 
liVlM'niiil  I't  Julin  Foiitviifllc.    .\.mv.  Man.  dii  dinillftlcMir  et  du  Uciu.iiinto.    X.iuv. 


cdil,    IJi 


I'aiis,  \H'M 


I'aiix  niiijt-i all's,  etc.   bvci. 


:  ligiiru.s 


I'uris,  lhf)',l 


LIcllig  (J.)      U'ttei-soniiiixlern  a^ricullnro.     Kdiled  by  J.  Illytl,      V.'ii 
■  Kaniiliar  le'.teiH  on  Clii'inistry.    4tl>  cilit.   IJnm.    Ldndim,  ISfi'J 


Ijindiin,  1859 


tns 
1H4 


-    (  lionii«tiy  and  I'liysics,  in  Helntlon  ti)  I'liysldldcy  and  l'utli()lii|»y.     Hy  Banm  .Iiis- 
l.ielii;;,  I'ldi'fs.soi-  iif  (Jhemiflry  at  tlio  Univeihlty  of  (iiesnen.    'Jiid  edit.    Svo.    brndon, 


(0 
75 
75 
C8 

13 

la 
rs 

I  00 
Ct) 
CO 

CO 


Lcfnrt  (tl.)     Tiiilt*  de  Cliiink'   IlydniloKicjiic  ;  I'analysc'  clilmiquu  des  paiix  douces  et  cUs 


1 

80 

1 

02 

2  GO 

T5 

n 

63 

00 

2 

C6 

1 

C5 

•  > 

70 

1 

SO 

00 

liloyil  (^11.)     K.lementary  troiitlse  on  the  wave  theory  of  Light.    \l..    edit.    8vo.    Lonilon, 

ISoT       ............ 

liOritic  (E.)    TraitA  coinplet  de  la  fahrication  des  xnrong  contcnnnt  des  notions  Hur  Us  ul- 

call-<,  ele.    ISmii  ,  uvec  'J  planches.    I'aris,  IKuU        ...... 

Lovt-  (C«.  Ill)      Des  divpiM's  resisluncps  et  autre  propriilAs  de  la  fonle,  dii  I'er  et  de   Tacier 

et  de  leinploi  ile  ce.s  metanx  dans  les  construction.-,,  (ivo.,  avec  'Z  plarahes.   I'aris,  lf>f)'J 

AIa{j[li}'<     .M*llioiU"  explipativo  dps  ennraia  diduite  de  la  conipivsition  chiniiiiup  dps  vpgp. 

l.iux,  de  (piles  dps  ilitl'ercnts  engniis  u.siies,  pto.    8vo.     Auxprrp,  L'-uO 
ItlulnKUtli     ].e(;(ins  el*nieiitairpK  dp'cliimie.    'Jemppdit.    Tome  ler  en  2  pRvties.     I'Jnio., 

Hvei;  liijuies.     I'aris,  1868-60.     I'uur  l'ouvrai;e  conipi6t  en '.2  vols. 

MttlUKiitl  (P.)     U'^ons  de  Chlmio  Agricole,  profusso  eu  1857  en  1858  et  1859.  3  vols. 
I'.nio.     I'aiis.  .  .  .,,'..... 

Mulugiill.     I'ptit  cours  de  Chimie  Agricole.    I'.'ino.     I'aris,  1S57 

Alurtiil  (K.)     N'ouvpIIp  pcoIp  elpc;ropliini!((UP,  ou  chiinio  dps  corps  Imponderables  et  poii- 

dpraliles.    Tome  ler,  en  8vo.   J'uris,  lHuS     .  .  .  .  .  .  .     1  80 

l.'ipiivrage  aura,  2  vols. 

SlmttftU't'l  (C)     Course  d'electro   pliyisiologie,  profosMi  4  I'uiiiversitfe  de  I'i.^ppu   186') 

Svo  ,  „\"e  planches.     I'aris,  1S68        ........        "0 

Meinoii'i'gaur  lea  ISnnz  lie  Paris,    ler  .Mpniolre  1854,  •.'enie  Memoire  1S68.    '2  vols. 

4ti>.,  a\ec  1-  planches.     I'aii-,  1^65-6'^. 
Mciiioirc«  of  the  Liti-rury  itiiil  Philogophlcal  !!iiM'U'ly  of  MuiicUcstfr. 

•Jnd  Series.     V(ds.  9 — Kl,  Hvo.    wiih  woodcuts  and  plates.     London,  1861 — 1867.         .       .0  71 

McuiilcT  ^V.)  Kssais  !^cipntili(lUPS.  Tnmp.s  1, '2, 11.  I'Jnio.  I'aris,  1861-68,  cliniiup  vol.  37 
MitrlU'll  (J.)  Manual  of  Practical  .Vssayini,  intended  for  lliu  use  of  Met;illurgists,  f'ap- 
tains  <if  .Mines,  and  .V.s.saye  s  in  (ipncral.  With  copious  Tallies,  for  the  purpoM'  of  ascer- 
taining in  Assays  of  (iold  and  filvii  the  prpcise  amount,  in  Ounces,  Penny iveiglits,  and 
(irains,  of  noble  niptal  contained  in  one  ton  of  Dru  from  a  given  nuantity.  'Jrnl  eilil., 
8vo.,  much  pulargpd.  with  yiJO  illustrations.     londiMi,  1S64  .  .  .6  00 

^— —  Tipatiso  on  the  .Vdulprations  of  Food,  and  tlu- riieniicil  mean.s  employed  to  dptpct 
tlipm.  t'ontaiuing  Water,  Klour.  Ifiead,  .Milk,  Cream,  ll<'er.  Cider,  Wines,  Spirituous 
I.iijuors,  Colfee,  Tea,  Chocolate,  Sugar,  Honey,  Iiozengci,  CheeM',  Vinegar,  I'ielJes,  An 
phovy  Sauce  and  I'antc,  Catsup,  Olive  (.-Niiad)  Oil,  Pepper,  Mustard.  P-nio.  London, 
;s4S       .  .  .  ....  ..... 

Itlolir.     Analyse  phimique  k  I'aide  des  liqueurs  litres,  traduit  de  lalleniand  parFortliomme. 
svo.     Pans,  1868.  ........... 

MoIk"o,  l'ul>li«'«    Manuel  do  la  Science.     Annuaire  du  Cosmos,     ler  Annexe  en  2  parties, 
l.nio.     Pans,  1859       .......... 

Moiickliovcii  (D.  Van>)  Nouveau  procede  dc  Photographic  sur  plaques  dp  fer  etc.   8vq. 
Paris,  I^a8         ........... 

Aloiikhovcn.     R*i)ertoire  G*n4ral  de  I'hotographie  pratique  et  th4oriqup.  1  vol.,  et  .\tlas. 
o(  ine  edit.     Paris,  1850  ......... 

Slortiiurr.    I'yrote-ihny.  3rd  edit.   12mo.  l/mdon,  185(5  .... 

niuldcr  (U.  J.)     The  t:hemistiy  of  Wine.     IMited  by  H.  I!.  ,Iones.    VJuio.    I/mdon,  1S57  . 

JBaiUiefe  Bf others,  440  Broadway ,  JV.  1*. 


1  80 

1  80 

00 

36 

2 

25 

00 

62 

on 


Standard  Scienlifc   Works, 


H!.:. 


Mullcr.    Principl«H  of  l>liy»i>M  mxl  Moti'^roln^'y.     Kv  J.  Muller,  M.D.    Illuitrnted  with  630 

woo  lent'*  tiiil '.!  ciilorml  (iliktci.     Xvo.     I^mkIdii,  1h47  .  .  .  .  .14  00 

Nadwiilt  dv  UuflToiii     ('i>ur'<  il'ii'.'riciiltura  et  d'il/ilraullqua  Bgrieulr.    3  vuUi.    8vn. 

imr  ll|{uri'-«  et  |pluiiclio»i.     I'lirin,  lh5U  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     0  00 

Arn|ilfr>     Miiniml  iif  KlrrtroMiMiilliirKy.   Onl  edit.   12mo.   IlKiireii.    I/ondnn,  1^57    .  .100 

Nonil  (Il.niO   A  maniml  i>r  I-  li-i-lriclty ,  iiirliiiliii){  (ialviinlMii,  MiiKnetiitm,  Miki;"*>tn'Elce(n- 

.  city,  i'!c  4lh  wlit.  Hvo.  Illustralcil.    bmcloii,  l^.M-'i?,  iiMlufcil  to  .  .  .     tl  50 

Noriiiniiiiby  (A«)    Tli<*  Clii'inintl  Atlnn,  nr  Tiiblci*  ;  «li<iwliig  at  a  glance  tin-  oprmtlnnN  of 

IJ  Kilitiiuvi- AimlyxU  etc.,  iibliiiig  fiilii).     I^onilon,  1867       .         .  .  .  .  6(13 

— —    'rii>'  CictlonivrlpH  to  the  Clu'inlcul  Atln«  ;  lieliiR  n  ilictinnnry  of  iiiin|ilo«iibi(tttni'P»|Ptc., 

and  a  liictioimry  of  Te'itii  itml  ri'H.(i'iit.H.    rjini>,    l/)i»l(in,  1HA7         .  •  •  .    2     On 

TibliMiiix  d'Aniilysci  chim  quo.     4l(i.,  avec  figures.     rBriN,1sri8  .  .  .6  83 

Norlhcott)  niitl  Church.  A  Miiiuul  <>r  Clioiaical  AnalyHJii  (():iitlilalive).   I'Jmn.  I,(>ndi>n, 

lh.')H       .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     'J  ((3 

Oilnrtt    Ani|i*liiffrn|iliin  iinlversellp,  on  Tmlte  de«  ("r-pngea  les  plus  tiitim*<  dans  ti>u«  Ich 

MKiKililC',  <lu  i|iieliiiK' ri'iicini.     •Ici  ii>  edit.    I'ailH,  IHJO  .  ,  ,  .  .    J   80 

Orfilo  (li.)  I-i'^.ini  do  ToxinildRie.     8vo.     I'aria,  1S,'>8.  .  .  .  .  .7* 

Orm  Circle  of  SrlcilCCil.  Vol.  7.  Prartieal  ChemMry  ;  Irirlmling  tlie  tlienry  and 
prar'n'o  <if  eloetiii  depiniliiin  ;  I'liotograpliic  Art;  the  Clienr.ntry  uf  f»(id,ele.  Hvo. 
illuilrated.      I.i>iiiliin,  Ibji)      .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     1  60 

Ottr.    U'lnilscape  I'liitoj^rapliy.     New  edit.   I'imo.   I/mdon,  1860  ....  76 

Otfo  (J.)     Manual  iif  tlie  iH'tertlnn  (if  I'olinnn  by  Medicn  Oiomieal  AlialvHld.     liy,] Olio, 

rrMl'i'^'ior  iif  Clii'ini.stry  in  lli  iin-iwick,  (Jerniany.     Kdili'd  with   Nule-i  by  W.  Mderhiirst. 

Willi  illii.ttraliunH.    I'^lnii).    .New  YurU,  l^57  .  .  .  .  .  .     1  75 

Parkinson  (S.)     .\  treatise  on  optics.    I'.'ino.,  illustrated,     Liinil'in,  1K,')<.)       .  ,  3  0>) 

Puyi'lia     rrecin  de  C'liiniie  Indnstrlello,  nouv.  edit.     Tdiiio  ler  et  Atlas  en  8vo.    Paris,  1859 

p  nil  I'diivr.iRe  eiini|ilel  en '.i  villi.        .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     fi  <13 

Piij'eii  (X.)  I' rail*  enniplet  de  la  dislillatiim  des  nrincipales  nubstancea  qui  peuvent  fiinrnlr 

ill' I'liliiiol.    8vii.,  uvec  Hnnre.H  et  planches,     raris  1858    .  .  .  ,  .     1  80 

Pfclet  (E.)     Traitft  de  la  chrtleiir  nmsider*!' dans  SI'S  nppli(Mitiiin«.    Iliino  edit.  Tomes  let 

•J  I'     Mcp.,  avee  linmes.     Paris,  1860.     I'mir  I'uuvraue  enmplet  en  3  Mils.  .  ,     i)  6J 

P«'Ioilzt',     Tniite  de  ^Kx^Ialral.•e  an  Cinr,  tire  dp  la  houille,  des  biliiines,  des  linnil''s,di   la 

tiiiii  be,  lie.     8vo.,  et  .V'.las  lie '.18  planches.     I'aris  .  .  .  .  .     3  00 

^— ^— —     I'atitiealnin  dii  toke  et  du  f'liarhon  de  Tourbe.     8vii.,nvec4   pliinehes.     I'arin       .     1  00 

Pcloiixc  rt  Fmiiya  Trade  d«  Cliimie  eenenile,  C(iin|ireniint  les  applinitinns  de  ee!(e 
S-  II  le"  a  I'.Viiaiise  t'hiin  ipie.  a  I'lndiistrie,  u  rA!;riciilliiie  I't  a,  I'lli.stnne  .Valnrelle.  '.ienie 
l..|ilinn.     li  Mils',  et  Atlas  de  planches  in  8v(j.     I'aris,  18,"i4-57  .  .  .  .10  80 

PrlouBi' ct  Prcniy.     Abie(.'e  de  Chimie.     4e  Kditlon.     ISmn.,  ilhislraled.  I'aris,  1850  135 

Philll|i4.     I'rinoiplosof  Agreiilture,  especially  Tropical,  and  of  Organic  Chemistry.     8vo. 

l.'iiiiliMi,  1ti50    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     'i  00 

Phllo^-'jiSiy  III  sport  niudc  Science  In  cariicit.    8th  Kdition.     I.<mdon,  1867       .    'J.  60 

Photo^jruplilc  Art  Annual  for  IHW,    Kolin.     l/mdon,  1860  .  .  .  .    6  (13 

Photograph,     How  to  color  a.    I'.'mo.    i.iindon,  1860  .  .  .  .30 

Photography,     .\  catechi.^m  of.     IJmo.     Ixmdon,  1K59  .  .  .30 

Photographic  Slews;  a  weekly  record  of  the  progress  of  Photography.     Riitifl  liv  W. 

(rin.K.-.     Vol.1.      4lo.     I..Midon,  1860        .  .  .  .  .       '      .     -J  'Ju 

Pierre  (J.)     Cliimi;!  ai;r'.cole;  on    I'Agricidtnro   considerce  dans  ses  raiiporls  piiiicipan.\ 

avee  la  Chiniie.     'Je  lilition.     IJni  i.     I'aris,  1858     .  .  .  .  .  .     1  00 

Plessc  (G.  W.)     Cliymical,  .Natural,  and  Physical  Magic.     IJmo.     l.ondon,  Isj'.t  .  .     100 

Plcsse  (S.)     The  art   'f  Peirmnery,  and  the  method  of  ohtainiie.;  odors  of  plants  ;  with  in- 
strueiions  lor  the  Jlaimracture  oi|H'rl'iime.s  for  the  mndkerehief,  Ikoitilrices,  ronialiiins, 
eic.   'Jnd  tlition.    l.;mo.    I/mdon,  1867  .  .  .  .  .  .  ,     2  25 

Pitt.     II  iw  to  brew  good  lieer.     I'Jnio.     T/mdon,  1850  .  .  .  .  .     1  '.23 

Poggiulc  (.\.  B.)  Traite  d'analy-"  chiniinne  par  la  nielhode  des  volumes,  coniprenant 
1  ana  yse  des  gaz  et  des  metaux,  1»  olilorometrie,  ralcaliuielrie,  etc.  8vo.,avecni  tig 
uies.     I'aris,  1858         .  ,  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     '2  00 

Preailiiioiit  (P.  de)     Manuel  pratique  A  casai  par  la  voie  seclie,  «  I'usage  des  essayeurs. 

I.iiio  ,  avec  une  planche.     I'aris,  1858  .......         76 

Preiidevllle.     Photographic  Kac  similes  of  Antique  (iems,  formerly  possessed  by  the  late 

I'linei'  I'oniatowsky.     1st  Series.     4to.     London,  1868  .....   5070 

Price  (Lake.)     A    Manual  if  Photographic  .Manipulation,  treating  of  the  practice  of  the 

.Ui  and  its  various  applications  to  .Nature.     l'.;mo.     London,  1^58  .  .  .     1  80 

Rcdwoofrs  Gray's  Supplement  to  the  Pharinar^opeeia.  .Ird  Ixlition.  8vo.  Lon- 
don, 1860 0  00 

JBaiiiiere  Brothers,  440  Uroadvcay,  JV.  V. 


Slamhtrd  Scienlific  Works. 


93 


00 
00 

so 

<13 

Ofl 

83 

;  ;.:) 

NO 
7A 

50 
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I(<'((liaillt  (M.  II.)     t'ciuts  t'U-niiiit/iir*  do  CliiniiK,  n  I'li^.n^i-  dm  fiiriilton,  etc.  ftiliiH  Kdil. 

J    ii    .  I,'.',U.     '  Jinc).     I'iiri->|  Ih.'iH.     I'liur  r<MivriiKi3  ccj|ii|dt>t  «ri  4  voIk.  .  $1  ftO 

Ri'Klinult.     An   Klcnii'iitiin  Trciitimi  nii  CrvslalloKnH'li) ,  idiiHtratod  with    KIK  wnx)  in 

CI. i\  iriXs,  printed  1111  bliwk  Krimiid.    Nvi>.     I/prnlnii,  lH4ii     .  .  .  .  ,78 

Ilt'lil.     Iliidlm.'iits  i)f  Clipmctiv,  Willi  lllu«tnitiiini  of  llicCli.  nil^lry  nf  Imily  Mfo,  liy  h  H. 

Iliid,  Mil,  Ij'cliiri'r  oil  I  liriiiiHiry,  rcniiMMlv  mii'  <i(  Hit  .\l,i,i'-ily'K  (  ■'min«iiiiiii-,  tur  llio 

lliMhli  n|'  1'  will  III  Kniclitiid.     4tii  I'dit tvitli  MO  wiiiidciil'i.     I'JiiM.     iHrii)  O'JI 

Rlllllll  (W.  L.)     Tim  Dintloimrv  of  Ihi'l'unn  ;  reviind  uiid  I'llilcl  Oy  II.  I!iiyiil;<.rd.     .N'.'w 

IdiiiiMi.     l^iiiii.     biiidiMi,  IMhS  .  .  .  .  .  .ISA 

Rliriiiiii.    NuuvcAu  nmimct  dii   teiiituriiT.    Nuut.   Kdlt.  IJiiiii.  nveo  fi  iilanclivH    I'uriH, 

lh.V,i       ............        00 

Klvot.    I'rlndiwH  Konomux  ilu  traltrnipnt  don  mincrnii  MetitlllqiiPii.    Timii.' Iir.      .Mclal 

liii ,' "' d.i  ciiivie.     8vi).,  uvoo  4  plaiu'lii'i.     I'nrls,  IH'ili         .  .  .  .2  29 

Robi(|iiC'l.     MiinncI  tliiMiiiiiuo  K  |>rutii|iii>  d«  l'hiitiiKni|diio  8ur  C'dlndvdii  ot  xur  ^illmtiilin'. 

iMii  I.     I'iuIh,  IH&O      .  .  .  .  .  .  .     1  25 

Uo({fi-H  (S.  II.)  An  Klrmpiiliiiy  TmillHedii  Iron  Miliillnivy,  uji  to  the  Maniifiutiir'' "f 
I'liddU'd  llin»,  iiv.,  with  AniiyticulT.iblUK  iil'  Iron  iniikiii)f  .Muti'iiiilH.  8vu.,  with  2U  4l<i. 
pliiiivs.     1H,')7.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .    0  00 

Ro^rrll.    Kiu't<  nnd  fnlliiciei  nf  tlip  seivoriiKn  nf  I/iindon  and  other  large  towns,  with  pin  as, 

iMnilioTH  unit  .■o'ciions.   8vii.,  ivitli  H  pliiirH.     biiiduii,  l^.*)"  .  .  .  .     1  00 

Roliiirt  (K.)    liiiidi- do  In  ritlii'imliiMi  I'i'oiiiimiiiiip  lies  I'MLfriiis  ail  mnypu  de  tnim  W*  do- 

nii'iil'- i|iii  piMituiii  Atro  nv!iiilii;<t>>iM'iii"iit  i'iii|ilo)  As  I'll  Agrlcultiiri'.   ^vn.   l'iiri«,  l^iiS       .     ISO 

Roii<i  (II.)    Trull*  CDinplet  du  oliiinio  nnulytiiiue.     I'omo  Jer.    AubIviiu  (iuiiUlativi.'.    8vii. 

r.iris  isrid.       .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  -    2  70 

l.'oiivni;;!'  mini  2  voW. 
Snivcliit  (A.)    liOfoiiK  ill'  d-rnmique  profon-Aos  4  IVcolp  rontrnle  des  aria  ct  niarHilac- 

tiiii>>.  nil 'licliiiiilii(;io  ci'niniii|iii'.  2  viil-i.   12i!ii>.   I'arit,  I>>.'i"  .  .  >  .0  24 

Salvf'tat.     Ilistniro  ci   f.ilirinitlHii  do  lii  t'orri'laim)  cliiniiso,    trnduit  ilu  (•■linniH  par  S. 

.luliii'ii.     Aii'jiiu'iilo  il'iiii  iiiAiiiiiiro  siir  III  !  •Mi'i'liiiiiu  du  .liipon  tiaduit  dii  .i.i|miii  pur  .). 

llMllTiiaii,  Sm,,  iivoc  14  plaiuMii'i.     I'iu'Ik,  IMuO  .  .  .  .  .     :>  15 

Srnirrrii.    Clii'iuisliy  nl'linirijaiiic  Undies.   12nio.,  illiHtrated,  bnidoii,  1S50  .100 

NcofTci-ii,  Ti-tii-aii  uiiii  atlirr<(.    The  inoful  nii-laU  and  llioir  ullnvn  Inclmllm;   fnin, 

riil'I'i'i-,  I'iii,  1,1'ad, /iiic,  .Vutiiii'iiiy,  olo.  Svo. ,  illuslriitod.     Ijiiidini,  ISaT  .  .2  00 

SfoiTsby  (W.)  .Iiiiiiiial  nf  II  Vuyajj'u  to  AuMlralia  and  round  the  world   for  mngnolioal  re- 

hiMicli.  8vo.  Loiidnii,  185'J      .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     3  24 

Hhrrriitt.  A  popular  treatise  on  the  ori^'ln  nature  and  proportie.i  of  Light.  12mo.   I.ondciii, 

IS.'i'.i       ............        (JO 

Siranl  (A.)    Mnnoffraphledp  la  <'aiinn  i^  sucio  do  la  (.'lilne, dito  .Sorgho  i  micro.     L'lmo 

edit,  aiinmi'iilhi'.    Tmno  lor.   8vo.   Mursoillo,  lbJ8  .  .  •  ■  .     1  35 

l/iiuvniK'"  nurti  2  vnN. 
Riinoii  (J.  v.)     Animal  C'liomi-try,  trniHlalod  liy  <;on.  K.  ray.  2  vidfl.  Rvo.  London,         .    4  20 
Solly  (K.)     Introduction  to  Rural  Cliomiitry.    3rd  odit.     12mii.     l/m  Ion,  ISDO       .  .160 

Soinervillc  (RI.)    On  the  connection  of  the  riiy.siciil  ^^cieiice.i.    tUli  edit.,  coinplotolv  rc- 

vImmI.     jjiiidon,  ISfi'.l    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .      '       .     2  43 

Souhrlraiii    Tiail(>  do  I'harmacio  lliooriquo  et  pratiipie.   ficinocdit.   2  voU.   8vo. ,  avoo 

ligiiro-.     I'aris,  lh.i7    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     3  83 

Simrlliif;   nnd  Klartiiii     rh"toi;rapli'0  Art,  it^    theory  nnd  practice     Revised  nnd 

coriirtod  by  .Martiu.    8vo.    London,  IH.VI       .......         75 

St.  Clnlrc  Dcvlllc.    I.'Aluminiuiu.    Scs  propr'AlA:*,  sa  fabrication  et  ned  applications. 

hvii.    rari.s,  18,V.>  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     1  00 

Ntrffgal  (.1.)     A  medical  manual  for  apothecaries'  Hall  and  other  SIcdical  Bonrd.'J.    TJth. 

edit.   12niii.  I/inJon,  18a«        .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .    2  70 

Stcm^nll  I  J.)     Kii«t  linos  for  chemists  and  drugirii'ts   '.'ad  edit.  ISmo.  l/>ndon,  ISo"  I  "^0 

8tcrt'<»s«'0|ilc'  nin{|famliic  (  ii  gallcrv  of  Laud-capo  So'.'nnry,  Architecture,  Antiquities  and 

Natural  ilislory.    Vol.1.    8vo.     LiMUlou,  ISo'J  .....  1234 

SuUoii  (T.)     A  Iliotionaiy  nf  I'hntopr.'iphy     6vo.,  illiistratod.     I/)nd(m,  1R.5S  .  .2  00 

Tciiiiaiit.  and  MltclU'll.     Minoralnijy  and  rrystnlloKraphy,  boini;  a  olassific.-ition  of 

CrvslaU  alter  their  form  and  of  minerals  after  their  chemical  componitioii.    12iiio.     I>in- 

di>ii,lS,-.: 00 

Tcifiivr  iP.)     riiimio  Pyrotechnique,  nu  trail*  pialiipio  do^  foux  color*'^.    Siiivi  d'uii  jiotit 

traits   H|iorial  pour  la  fabrication   des    pa-lillos  ^iulplos  el  dos  pastilles  dianiauls.   8vo. 

I'ari-,  1S58 •  •  .  .     1  80 

TUoinsnii.    Chemistrv  of  Organic  liodics— Vogolahlos.    By  Thomas  Tlionison,  M.D.,  V.U^. 

I..  .V  K. ,  IWius  Troft'ssor  of  (Tliemi.stry  iu  tliu  L'nivorsity  of  lilasgow.     1  large  vid.   8vo. 

jip.  lOll'J,  bds.     London,  1838.  .  .  .  .  .  ■  .     6  00 

——    Heat  and  Electricity.    2nd  edit.   1  vol.    8vo..  illustrated  with  woodcuts.     I/>ndnn, 

1850      .        .  .  . •"•  "5 

naiUiere  Brothers,  4 10  Broadway,  JV.  1'. 


•Jt 


Slan<l(ii'(l  Scitntl/ic  UWka, 


r 

IK  i. 

i^w  ,1 


TlMlrr  (Ch.  rt  A.)  i.'nlumliiiiiin  rt  Ipm  motniix  nldhlliii.  Ucrlierrho)  iiir  li*'in  proprli- 
Ifli,  liricii  li'i  iri'xtrftiTlliPii  t'l  li'UM  unuifiM.     l^Iiiici  ,  un'<' ll((iin'<.     I'lirU,  IKAii 

Vrriiol*  rt  (irasala  MAiiioirvK  xur  leu  appari'll*  dv  Ti'iililiitluii  ct  ilu  clnttiirnKv  eUblli  4 
rii^liiiiil  NirkiT.  Hro.   I'liriii,  Wi\t      ........ 

VIolfItt*.  N'iiiiV(>ll)*ii  miiiii|iiiUtlonii  clilmli|uei  niinplinveit.  Nuur.  cilit.  8yo.,  aree  flifiirM 
it  iiiio  planclifl     I'nrix,  1K68    .....  .... 

Wt'huter  (W<)  Ttn'  ri'Ciirring  muntlily  Pprliiil  ^111!  IVrliHlIc  nynti-m  nf  tlie  BlnumpliPrlo 
ai'iMiiH,  with  oviili'iicvii  nf  the  tr«n»ri'r  (if  Ileal  hiiiI  KIcotrlclty.    Hvii,    l/iiii|iiti,  ImA7 

Wilkle  ((1.)  The  mitniiractiireiil  Iron  In  (iioiit  llrilaln  ;  with  romurkn  on  tlio  t'liiplnlinttit 
iif  capliiil  in  IriinWiirka  ami  culllcrlcH.    *>v<i     Lunilun,  I1A7  .  .  .  . 

MTIIkiiiaon  (J.O.)  On  culnr  and  nn  tli'  'ii'('o<iiiity  fur  llip  ilitTuHinn  iit  tii'ito  niiioiiK  all 
claHM'H  ,  with  ri'in.trk^  im  Inylnit  nut  <lrt".«<'il  nr  (Ifmni'ti  leu!  (iiinlciiK.  Kxiiini'lr-i  i>l'  kuihI 
ami  liail  ta«ti>.     Nvn.   Illuittralfil  by  winnlciit*  un<l  colurvil  pUtcH.     Ijindnn,  IS&S 

'Will  (II<J  Tablpo  pour  riinalvie  cliiiniiiun  (inalltntlvn.  Trn<luit  da  I'Allfniniid  par  J. 
IIiH'<li'i'.     4t<i.     Miilliiiiifti-,  lh&6  ....  .... 

— —  (liiiilo  pour  rnnRlvKA  rliimlqiiA  i  I'miaito  iIpa  m^illrlnii  pbnrtnaclcnii,  etc. ,  trnAuit 
li'apri^H  l.i  ;ifni«  Hit.  Ailcmandu  pur  .1.  HIimIit.     Hvo.     I'arit,  lNf)7 

WllllHina  (C.  W.)  Tmitifie  im  Cnmbiiitlon  of  Conl  nnd  tbe  piwvpntlon  of  umiike, 
olii'iniiMllv  anil  practically  cimildiTfil.  With  an  op|H'tuUx  cuntaininK  lOixirt  on  tlio  Niw- 
caitlc  Slcaiii  ('mil,     I'.'niii.     I/indnn,  ISAS      ....... 

Wllllain«  (Ca  O.)  A  lUudbiKik  of  Choinlcnl  Manlpulutlou.  8vo.,  llltiiitratinnH.  Ixindon, 
1^,17       ...  

'Worhirr  IV,)  KltmcntK  >!«  cblmie  iD<ir|;anli|ue  ct  or^nlque.  Truduit  do  rAllpniaml 
par  tiran.liMiii.     Nvi).     Nancy,  It^St*    ........ 

Zintinennaiin  (W>  F.  A.)  1,04  I'liAiuiniiNncit  dn  In  nature.  Ipiim  lulu  rt  lour!)  nppllcn- 
tlont  aiix  nrta  i>t  k  rindu»trii>.  I)'api6n  PAIIcnund  do  VuIitIuh.  'i  voIh.  gr.  lu  Hvo.f 
•vec  Ogurca.    Uruxvllea,  18611  .  ,  •  •  •  >  • 


11  00 

8T 

1  80 

2  80 

3C3 

4  8fl 

1  00 

1  00 

00 

4  00 

1  80 

3  00 


NOTICE. 

In  order  to  facilitate  tlio  transaction  of  business, 
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m 


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Hooka  not  in  stoek  can  bo  imported  from  Loudon  In  about  five  weeks, 
and  from  Paris  in  about  si.K  weeks. 

1IAIL.L1EKE    BROTHERS, 

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